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E-raamat: European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography

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"Now in a completely updated, full-color edition, this leading textbook has been thoroughly revised to reflect the sweeping economic, social, and political changes the past decade has brought to Europe and to incorporate new research and teaching approaches in regional geography. The authors have especially expanded their discussion of climate change and other environmental challenges facing Europe, migration and the rise of right-wing populist movements, and Brexit and other challenges facing the EU. They employ a cultural-historical approach that is ideally suited to facilitate understanding of Europe's complex geographical character. Their topical organization-including environment, ethnicity, religion, language, demography, politics, industry, and urban and rural life-offers students a holistic understanding of the diverse cultural area that is Europe. Inclusive, rich in ideas, lively, interesting, and humanistic, The European Culture Area remains the text of choice for courses on the geography of Europe"--

Now in an updated, full-color edition, this leading textbook has been thoroughly revised to reflect the sweeping economic, social, political, and environmental changes facing Europe. Inclusive, rich in ideas, lively, interesting, and humanistic, The European Culture Area remains the text of choice for courses on the geography of Europe.

Arvustused

This is a terrific text. A core value of its effective approach is that to understand the making of Europe into a discernible region by culture, we must reflect upon Europes broad range of ideological, social, and materialist differenceexpressed territorially, institutionally, and systemically. Its respect for historical structure makes the book as valuable to students of history as to students of human geography. -- Alex G. Papadopoulos, DePaul University This classic work of regional synthesis in the cultural-historical tradition of geography also thoroughly explores Europes enormous political, economic, and socio-cultural shifts. The seventh edition is just as indispensable to accompany an undergraduate course as ever. -- Corey Johnson, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro

List of Illustrations
xiii
Preface xix
A Note about Place Names xxiii
1 What and Where Is Europe?
1(26)
Europe as a Physical Entity
1(6)
Europe as a Human Entity
7(9)
Socioeconomic Characteristics
10(2)
Europe and the Wider World
12(4)
This Book's Approach
16(4)
Why Study Europe?
20(4)
Sources and Suggested Readings
24(3)
2 The Physical Environment
27(44)
Europe's Geomorphology and Hydrogeography
27(11)
Mountains
31(4)
Hills
35(1)
Plains
35(2)
Hydrogeography
37(1)
Europe's Climate
38(7)
Marine West Coast
40(2)
Mediterranean
42(1)
Humid Continental
43(1)
Minor Climate Types
44(1)
Vegetation and Soils
45(3)
Forests
45(2)
Treeless Areas
47(1)
Soils
48(1)
Human Alteration of the Environment
48(18)
Human Modification of Lands and Waters
48(3)
The Special Case of the Netherlands
51(7)
Human Modification of the Atmosphere
58(2)
Human Impacts on Forests
60(6)
Environmentalism
66(2)
Sources and Suggested Readings
68(3)
3 Demography
71(22)
Geogenetics
71(2)
Population Distribution and Density
73(3)
Population Growth Rates
76(10)
Natural Increase
77(3)
Migration
80(6)
Major Influences on Population Geography
86(4)
Environmental Influences
86(2)
Socioeconomic and Political Influences
88(2)
Land-use and Population Policies
90(1)
Scale Differences
90(2)
Sources and Suggested Readings
92(1)
4 The Pattern of Languages
93(28)
Languages and Language Families
93(5)
The Diffusion of Indo-European Tongues into Europe
98(3)
The Three Major Subfamilies of Indo-European
101(8)
Romance Languages
101(4)
Germanic Languages
105(2)
The Special Case of English
107(1)
Slavic Languages
108(1)
Other Indo-European Languages
109(5)
Non-Indo-European Languages
114(2)
Linguistic Decline and Revival
116(1)
Multilingualism
117(2)
The Disconnect Between Linguistic and Political Boundaries
119(1)
Sources and Suggested Readings
119(2)
5 The Geography of Religion
121(36)
Pre-Christian Europe
122(2)
Diffusion of Christianity
124(3)
Christian Fragmentation
127(12)
The Roman Catholic Realm
129(1)
Pilgrimages
130(2)
Winds of Change
132(1)
The Protestant Realm
133(3)
The Eastern Orthodox Realm
136(3)
The East-West Divide
139(1)
Uniate and Armenian Churches
140(1)
Dechristianization
141(2)
Sects and Cults
143(1)
Non-Christian Minorities
144(9)
Islam
144(7)
Judaism
151(2)
Conclusion
153(2)
Sources and Suggested Readings
155(2)
6 The European State System
157(38)
The Pattern of States
157(2)
The Emergence of the European State Pattern
159(7)
The Twentieth-Century European State
166(3)
Case Studies
169(18)
France: The Quintessential Unitary State
169(2)
Germany: Federalism in the European Core
171(2)
The United Kingdom: Core-Periphery Tensions
173(2)
Italy: Roman Legacy
175(2)
Spain: A Multiethnic State
177(1)
Switzerland and Belgium: Astride a Language Divide
178(3)
Fragmentation in the Balkans: Yugoslavia and Its Successor States
181(2)
Russia and the Former Soviet Union
183(3)
Ukraine: From Border Province to Independent State
186(1)
Challenges to the Territorial State
187(5)
The Rise of the European Union
188(2)
Other Supranational Engagements
190(2)
Sources and Suggested Readings
192(3)
7 Land and Life in the Rural Sector
195(36)
Traditional Agriculture
195(9)
Mediterranean Agriculture
198(2)
Three-Field Farming
200(1)
Hardscrabble Herder-Farmers
201(1)
Shifting Cultivation in the North
202(1)
Nomadic Herding
203(1)
Traditional Land Divisions and Settlement Characteristics
204(7)
New Crop Introductions
211(1)
Modern Agricultural Systems
212(6)
Market Gardening
212(3)
Dairying
215(1)
Cattle and Hog Raising
216(1)
Sheep Raising
217(1)
Cash Grain Farming
217(1)
Reindeer Ranching
217(1)
Fishing and Fish Farming
218(1)
Land Tenure in the Modern Era
218(3)
Production Patterns in the Modern Era
221(3)
Rural Depopulation
224(4)
Preserving Rural Landscapes
227(1)
Sources and Suggested Readings
228(3)
8 Manufacturing and Industry
231(40)
Historical Overview (Pre-Eighteenth Century)
231(3)
Traditional Manufacturing Systems
233(1)
The Industrial Revolution
234(4)
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
238(5)
Diffusion beyond the Coalfields
241(2)
Impacts of Industrialization
243(3)
Social Impacts
243(1)
Environmental Impacts
244(2)
Transportation Innovations and Their Significance
246(15)
Roads
246(6)
Railroads
252(4)
Waterways
256(3)
Pipelines
259(1)
Air Transport
260(1)
Deindustrialization
261(3)
Industrial Rejuvenation
264(4)
Contemporary Patterns
268(1)
Sources and Suggested Readings
268(3)
9 The Postindustrial Economy and the Quest for European Integration
271(24)
The Nature of Europe's Service and Information Economy
271(2)
Communications
273(1)
Energy Production
274(3)
Tourism
277(6)
Retailing and Governmental/Social Services
283(1)
The Quaternary Sector
283(2)
The Trajectory of European Integration
285(8)
Economic Impacts of Integration
290(3)
Sources and Suggested Readings
293(2)
10 The European City
295(44)
The Rise of the European City
295(6)
The Medieval City
301(10)
City Sites
302(4)
City Attributes
306(3)
Medieval Urban Morphology
309(2)
Renaissance-Baroque Urban Development (1500-1800)
311(2)
The Industrial City
313(1)
Characteristics of the Mid-Twentieth-Century European City
314(4)
The Late/Postindustrial European City
318(6)
The Preindustrial Core
321(1)
The Preindustrial Periphery
322(1)
The Industrial Suburbs
323(1)
The Postindustrial Suburbs
324(1)
Regional Variations
324(10)
The Modern Urban Pattern
334(1)
Sources and Suggested Readings
335(4)
11 Europe's Changing Social and Ethnic Geography
339(38)
Patterns of Social Well-Being
344(4)
Health
348(3)
Employment
351(2)
Education
353(2)
The Role of Women
355(3)
Ethno-Cultural Issues
358(7)
Recent Migration Streams
358(7)
The Traditional Social Contract in Transition
365(9)
Macroeconomic Challenges
365(3)
The Demographic Challenge
368(5)
The Immigration Challenge
373(1)
Sources and Suggested Readings
374(3)
12 European Integration: Retrospect and Prospect
377(26)
Impetuses for Integration
382(8)
Globalization
382(2)
Geopolitics
384(1)
External Relations
384(1)
Cross-border Interaction
385(1)
The Economy
386(1)
The "Irrationality" of the Pattern of States
387(3)
Impetuses for Fragmentation
390(7)
Globalization
390(1)
Geopolitics
390(1)
Nationalism
391(3)
Bureaucratization
394(1)
Differences over Widening and Deepening
394(3)
Ethno-regionalism
397(1)
Where from Here?
397(4)
Sources and Suggested Readings
401(2)
Glossary 403(10)
Index 413(20)
About the Authors 433
Alexander is past president of the AAG and professor of geography at the University of Oregon, where he holds the James F. and Shirley K. Rippey Chair in Liberal Arts and Sciences.
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