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E-raamat: European Mail Armour: Ringed Battle Shirts from the Iron Age, Roman Period and Early Middle Ages

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1. Interdisciplinary: combining archaeology, iconography and written sources 2. Use of multi-dimensional method in material studies 3. Technology-based by using chaîne opératoire and experimental archaeology Mail armour (commonly mislabelled 'chainmail') was used for more than two millennia on the battlefield. After its invention in the Iron Age, mail rapidly spread all over Europe and beyond. The Roman army, keen on new military technology, soon adopted mail armour and used it successfully for centuries. Its history did not stop there and mail played a vital role in warfare during the Middle Ages up to the Early Modern Period.

Given its long history, one would think mail is a well-documented material, but that is not the case. For the first time, this books lays a solid foundation for the understanding of mail armour and its context through time. It applies a long-term multi-dimensional approach to extract a wealth of as yet untapped information from archaeological, iconographic and written sources. This is complemented with technical insights on the mail maker’s chaîne opératoire.

Arvustused

"Mail has been something of a Cinderella in the field of early martial equipment. Now, in this meticulous study, Wijnhoven has demonstrated and explored the extensive potential of the archaeological, iconographic and textual evidence. It makes a fundamental contribution to the study of ancient martial material culture, and has broader implications for the development and structuring of early European ironworking traditions." - Prof. Simon James, University of Leicester

"Mail armour has been largely neglected by specialist literature, despite the important role that it played in Antiquity. This book fills in that research gap in an impressive manner. Not only does Wijnhoven pose the hardest questions about mail armour, but he also provides very satisfactory answers." - Prof. Thomas Fischer, Universität zu Köln

"This excellent monograph provides a thorough and multifaceted exploration of mail in Europe from its development in the Late Iron Age into the Early Middle Ages, roughly 300 BCE to 1000 CE.[ ...]The production values are superb, replete with numerous high-resolution photographs and illustrations in colour, offering a close-up look at mail scattered across international collections and not always on active display. This definitive book will prove a cornerstone for pre-modern armour studies for decades to come." - Michael J. Taylor, The Classical Review (2022)

"This volume is probably destined to be the go-to standard work for European ring-mail armour. It is intelligently assembled and supported by much gathered evidence.[ ...]This is a superb piece of research, presented in an easily understood format, containing much useful information. I recommend it unhesitatingly to anyone who has an interest in ancient ring mail armour." - Dr. Michael Thomas, Ancient Warfare Magazine, Vol. XV, Iss. 4

Martijn Wijnhovens book is a thoughtful and comprehensive investigation, long required, into early European mail armour. [ ] The book is well illustrated, supporting the overview of the technical details. This study traces a success story of an Iron Age technology that remained an important piece of defensive armour until the nineteenth century AD, with only minor modifications. If you want to know anything, or rather everything, about early mail armour, you need look no further! - Marion Uckelmann, New Book Chronicle, Antiquity, 2023, Vol. 97

Acknowledgements ix
1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Previous research
1(4)
1.2 Research question and aims
5(2)
1.3 Chaine operatoire
7(1)
1.4 A multi-dimensional approach to material studies
7(2)
1.5 Scope
9(1)
1.6 Mail or chain-mail?
10(3)
2 THE ORIGINS OF MAIL ARMOUR
13(22)
2.1 Suggested precursors
13(6)
2.2 Contested origins
19(4)
2.3 Earliest evidence
23(3)
2.4 Tracing the earliest contexts
26(6)
2.5 Further dispersal
32(1)
2.6 When, where and by whom
33(2)
3 Distribution And Archaeological Context
35(50)
3.1 Battlefields and accidental loss
35(5)
3.2 Iron Age mail
40(6)
3.3 The Roman Republic
46(4)
3.4 The Roman Principate
50(8)
3.5 Hybrid feathered armour
58(3)
3.6 Hybrid armour beyond the Roman Empire
61(2)
3.7 Late Antiquity
63(3)
3.8 The Barbaricum and beyond
66(4)
3.9 Mail for men, women and children
70(8)
3.10 Social access to mail outside the Roman Empire
78(5)
3.11 Centuries of archaeological evidence
83(2)
4 The Iconography Of Early Mail Armour
85(48)
4.1 The iconographic evidence
85(2)
4.2 The 3rd century BC to the end of the Roman Republic
87(10)
4.3 Early Empire until the end of the 1st century AD
97(16)
4.4 The 2nd century AD
113(11)
4.5 The 3rd to 5th century AD
124(7)
4.6 Development of mail armour design in iconography
131(2)
5 THE NAMING OF MAIL ARMOUR
133(10)
5.1 Classical literature on armour
133(1)
5.2 Lorica hamata
134(5)
5.3 Other designations
139(2)
5.4 Simply lorica
141(2)
6 Decoration In Mail Garments
143(22)
6.1 Gold on silver
143(2)
6.2 Copper alloy elements
145(1)
6.3 Decorative origin
146(1)
6.4 Development and distribution
147(3)
6.5 Decorative trimmings
150(3)
6.6 Inserted patterns
153(2)
6.7 Contrasting rivets
155(3)
6.8 Decoration of hybrid armour
158(2)
6.9 Decoration of `miniature mail'
160(1)
6.10 Decorative hems
161(2)
6.11 Colourful Roman army
163(2)
7 Padded Garments
165(18)
7.1 The advantages and disadvantages of flexible armour
165(3)
7.2 Himation, thoracomachus, subarmalis and Cimmerian tunic
168(4)
7.3 Textile and leather remains
172(4)
7.4 Medieval analogy, gladiators and pteruges
176(5)
7.5 Concealed by metal armour
181(2)
8 The Craft Of Making Mail Rings
183(28)
8.1 The mail maker's process
183(9)
8.2 The manufacture of metal wire
192(5)
8.3 The manufacture of solid rings
197(4)
8.4 Unravelling the use of butted rings
201(6)
8.5 Loose rings
207(2)
8.6 The mail making workshop
209(2)
9 Weaving Patterns
211(12)
9.1 Four-in-one pattern
211(4)
9.2 Six-in-one pattern from Tiefenau
215(2)
9.3 Pinched loop-in-loop pattern from Bertoldsheim
217(2)
9.4 Four-in-one pattern in hybrid armour
219(2)
9.5 Favourable characteristics
221(2)
10 The Construction Of Mail Garments
223(36)
10.1 Current knowledge based on late mail from Europe
224(4)
10.2 Presence of constructional techniques in early mail
228(2)
10.3 Construction of early mail by working in the flat
230(9)
10.4 Construction of textile clothing and mail
239(3)
10.5 Construction of the coat with shoulder guards
242(5)
10.6 Mail with shoulder guards and textile clothing
247(2)
10.7 The development of mail armour through the ages
249(8)
10.8 Construction in cultural context
257(2)
11 Ring Characteristics
259(54)
11.1 The relevance of the seemingly irrelevant
259(2)
11.2 Ring size
261(4)
11.3 Direction of the overlap and ring types
265(11)
11.4 Cross-section of riveted rings
276(9)
11.5 Rivet characteristics
285(6)
11.6 Shape of the overlap in riveted rings
291(11)
11.7 Cross-section of solid rings
302(5)
11.8 Ring characteristics typology
307(6)
12 Final Considerations
313(8)
12.1 Insights
313(4)
12.2 Prospects
317(1)
12.3 Methodological potential
317(4)
Bibliography 321(42)
Database 363(2)
Appendix 1 Catalogue of mail armour 365(118)
Appendix 2 Catalogue of hybrid armour 483(6)
Appendix 3 Catalogue of isolated finds of fasteners and fixtures 489(16)
Appendix 4 Finds excluded from the database 505
Martijn A. Wijnhoven holds a PhD in archaeology from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He specializes in ancient military studies and has published extensively on the analysis and reconstruction of ancient armour spanning from the Iron Age to the Middle Ages. His research combines methods from history, anthropology, and archaeology, rendering a holistic approach to material studies.