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E-raamat: Evanescent Waves in Optics: An Introduction to Plasmonics

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This monograph provides an introductory discussion of evanescent waves and plasmons, describes their properties and uses, and shows how they are fundamental when operating with nanoscale optics. Far field optics is not suitable for the design, description, and operation of devices at this nanometre scale. Instead one must work with models based on near-field optics and surface evanescent waves. The new discipline of plasmonics has grown to encompass the generation and application of plasmons both as a travelling excitation in a nanostructure and as a stationary enhancement of the electrical field near metal nanosurfaces.

The book begins with a brief review of the basic concepts of electromagnetism, then introduces evanescent waves through reflection and refraction, and shows how they appear in diffraction problems, before discussing the role that they play in optical waveguides and sensors. The application of evanescent waves in super-resolution devices is briefly presented, before plasmons are introduced.  The surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are then treated, highlighting their potential applications also in ultra-compact circuitry. The book concludes with a discussion of the quantization of evanescent waves and quantum information processing.





The book is intended for students and researchers who wish to enter the field or to have some insight into the matter. It is not a textbook but simply an introduction to more complete and in-depth discussions. The field of plasmonics has exploded in the last ten years, and most of the material treated in this book is scattered in original or review papers. A short comprehensive treatment is missing; this book is intended to provide just that.
1 Basic Electromagnetism
1(34)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Maxwell Equations
1(1)
1.3 Waves
2(2)
1.4 Phase Velocity
4(1)
1.5 Dispersion
5(4)
1.6 Drude-Lorentz Model for Metals
9(5)
1.7 Pulses and Group Velocity
14(2)
1.8 Polarization
16(3)
1.9 Jones Matrices, Stokes Parameters and the Poincare Sphere
19(4)
1.10 Optically Anisotropic Media
23(6)
1.11 Chirality
29(2)
1.12 Gaussian Beams
31(4)
2 Evanescent Waves
35(34)
2.1 Introduction
35(1)
2.2 Reflection and Refraction
35(10)
2.3 Evanescent Waves
45(4)
2.4 Energy Transport by Evanescent Waves
49(1)
2.5 Tunnelling Effect
50(1)
2.6 Reflection and Refraction in the Presence of Absorption
51(4)
2.7 Reflection and Refraction with Materials with Negative Refractive Index
55(2)
2.8 X-ray Evanescent Waves
57(2)
2.9 Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves at a Boundary Between an Isotropic and a Birefringent Medium
59(1)
2.10 The Plane Wave Decomposition of a Field
60(2)
2.11 The Classical Limit of Resolution Explained
62(2)
2.12 Reflection and Refraction of Gaussian Beams
64(1)
2.13 Evanescent Waves in Diffraction
65(4)
3 Evanescent Waves in Optical Waveguides
69(42)
3.1 Introduction
69(1)
3.2 Planar Waveguides
69(12)
3.3 Coupling of Light to a Planar Waveguide
81(5)
3.4 Coupling of Two Waveguides
86(2)
3.5 Optical Fibres
88(5)
3.6 Multilayers and PBG
93(13)
3.7 The Role of Evanescent Waves in Waveguide Sensors
106(5)
4 High Resolution Optical Microscopes
111(16)
4.1 Introduction
111(1)
4.2 Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM)
112(6)
4.3 Scanning Tunnelling Optical Microscope (STOM)
118(4)
4.4 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF)
122(5)
5 Plasmons
127(42)
5.1 Introduction
127(1)
5.2 Plasmon Solutions
128(2)
5.3 Bulk Plasmons
130(1)
5.4 Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs)
131(5)
5.5 Properties of Plasmons
136(3)
5.6 Excitation and Coupling of Plasmons
139(5)
5.7 Multilayer Systems
144(6)
5.8 Localized Surface Plasmons
150(6)
5.9 Surface Phonon Polaritons in Dielectrics and Semiconductors
156(4)
5.10 The Plasmons in Optical Nonlinear Materials
160(2)
5.11 Other Surface Waves
162(7)
6 Applications of Plasmons
169(40)
6.1 Introduction
169(1)
6.2 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
170(3)
6.3 Surface Plasmon Sensors
173(4)
6.4 Extraordinary Optical Transmission Through Arrays of Sub-wavelength Holes
177(5)
6.5 Surface Plasmon Circuitry
182(6)
6.6 Plasmon Lasers and SPASER
188(10)
6.7 Plasmons for Solar Cells
198(3)
6.8 Plasmon Microscopy
201(1)
6.9 Black-body Spatial and Temporal Coherence
202(6)
6.10 Controlled Thermal Emission Using Plasma Resonances
208(1)
7 Quantization of Evanescent Waves
209(48)
7.1 Introduction
209(2)
7.2 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field in One Dimension
211(4)
7.3 Quantum States of the Electromagnetic Field
215(4)
7.4 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field in Lossless Dielectric Media
219(7)
7.5 What are photons?
226(2)
7.6 The Problem of Localizing Photons
228(1)
7.7 Expansion of the Field and Their Orthonormalization
229(3)
7.8 Quantization of Evanescent Waves
232(7)
7.9 Plasmons in Bulk Metals
239(2)
7.10 Surface Plasmon Polaritons
241(7)
7.11 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances
248(2)
7.12 Absorption of Evanescent Photons and Stimulated Emission of Surface Plasmons
250(1)
7.13 Plasmons and Quantum Information
251(6)
Index 257
Mario Bertolotti is retired professor of Physics and Optics with the Engineering Faculty of the Roma La Sapienza University, Italy. For decades he has been interested in lasers and their applications, carrying out studies on coherence, propagation of light in the atmosphere, scattering, holography, laser annealing, etc. More recently he has been interested in integrated optics, nonlinear optics, nano-optics, and plasmonics. He is author of more than five hundred papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals and  of several books, co-editor of a number of schools and conference proceedings, and editor or editorial board member of several journals.

Concita Sibilia received her doctoral degree from the University of Roma La Sapienza. She is currently Head of the Nonlinear Optical Laboratory at the Dipartimento di Energetica of the University of Roma. She is full professor in Physics since 2000. Her main research interests are in the field of optics and nonlinear optics at nanoscales. She has chaired ESF-COST P11 action on Physics of  Photonics Crystals. She is author of more than three hundred papers in peer-reviewed journals. She is a member of the Optical Society of America, member of the European Physical Society, Board member of the European Optical Society and the Italian Optical Society.





Angela Guzman is Professor Emerita from the National University of Colombia.  She obtained her Dr. Sc. degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University for research conducted at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Germany, and conducted post-doctoral research at the Optical Sciences Center of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. She holds an Honorary Doctor degree from the Armenian State Pedagogical University after Khachatur Abobyan. She is author of more than a hundred papers in peer reviewed journals and co-editor of several conference proceedings. In 2007 she was made Fellow of the Optical Society (OSA) for her contributions to quantum and atom optics and for the promotion of optics in developing countries. Her main research areas have been quantum optics, nonlinear optics, and nonlinear effects in waveguides.