| Contributors |
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iii | |
| Preface |
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v | |
| Chapter 1 Preventive Cardiology: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease and Primary and Secondary Prevention |
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1 | (109) |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (8) |
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Bile Resins (e.g., Cholestyramine, Colestipol) |
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3 | (2) |
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Fibric Acid Derivatives (e.g., Gemfibrozil, Fenofibrate) |
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5 | (1) |
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Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors |
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5 | (1) |
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3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) |
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6 | (1) |
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Primary Prevention Trials |
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7 | (1) |
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Secondary Prevention Trials |
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8 | (1) |
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Combined Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials |
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8 | (1) |
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Early Statin Initiation Trials |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (4) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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Nonmodifiable Risk Factors |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Hormonal Status And Hormonal Therapy |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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Homocysteine and B Vitamins |
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25 | (1) |
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Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 |
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25 | (1) |
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Infections and Cardiovascular Disease |
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26 | (1) |
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Antiplatelet Drugs For Primary And Secondary Prevention |
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27 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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Primary Prevention Trials |
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27 | (1) |
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Secondary Prevention Trials |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (80) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (23) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Statins in Primary Prevention |
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35 | (1) |
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Combination Therapy in the Statin Era |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Placebo-controlled Trials |
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38 | (1) |
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Intensive- versus Standard-dose Statin Regimens in Stable CAD |
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41 | (1) |
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Early Statin Initiation in ACS |
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42 | (2) |
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Combined Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials |
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44 | (1) |
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Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials in Patients with Comorbidities |
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45 | (1) |
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Meta-analyses and Noncholesterol Effects of Statins |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Meta-analyses and General Studies |
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52 | (1) |
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Novel Classes of Lipid-lowering Agents |
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52 | (2) |
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Antioxidants, Vitamins, Fish Oil, Chelation, and Hormones |
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54 | (7) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (5) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (10) |
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Guidelines and General Articles |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes |
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74 | (6) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (17) |
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Epidemiology and Risk Factors |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Nonpharmacologic Therapies |
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82 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Diabetes and Hypertension |
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92 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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Nonmodifiable Risk Factors |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (8) |
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98 | (2) |
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Homocysteine and B Vitamins |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) |
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103 | (1) |
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Infections and Cardiovascular Disease |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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HIV-related Cardiovascular Risk |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Antiplatelet Drugs for Primary and Secondary Prevention |
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106 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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General Review Articles and Meta-analyses |
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108 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Coronary Revascularization and Percutaneous Procedures |
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110 | (105) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Percutaneous Coronary Intervention |
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111 | (24) |
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111 | (1) |
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Operator and Hospital Volume |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (6) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Low Molecular Weight Heparin |
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117 | (1) |
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Direct Thrombin Inhibitors |
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118 | (1) |
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Thienopyridines/ADP Receptor Antagonists |
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118 | (3) |
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Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Eptifibatide (Integrilin) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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123 | (1) |
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Unstable Angina/Non—ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction |
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124 | (1) |
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Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction |
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124 | (1) |
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After Thrombolytic Therapy |
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124 | (1) |
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Stenting versus Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty: Major Trials |
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125 | (1) |
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Direct Stenting versus Balloon Predilatation |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Other Postprocedural Complications |
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128 | (1) |
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Treatment and Prevention of Restenosis |
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129 | (4) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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Prevention of Distal Embolization |
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133 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery |
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135 | (3) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery versus Medical Therapy |
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135 | (1) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement |
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138 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (75) |
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Guidelines and Classification |
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140 | (1) |
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Operator and Hospital Characteristics |
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141 | (2) |
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Catheterization Technique |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Lesion Evaluation (Fractional Flow Reserve, Intravascular Ultrasound) |
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146 | (1) |
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Comparison of Revascularization with Medical Therapy |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (10) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (6) |
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Additional Devices/Techniques |
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159 | (11) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (4) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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Adjunctive Pharmacologic Therapy |
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170 | (15) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Low Molecular Weight Heparin |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (6) |
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Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors |
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178 | (6) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (5) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (4) |
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Postintervention CK/CK-MB and Troponin Studies |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (7) |
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Repeat Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Restenosis after Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angiography |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery |
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201 | (11) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery versus Medical Therapy |
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202 | (1) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery versus Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angiography |
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203 | (7) |
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210 | (2) |
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Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement |
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212 | (3) |
| Chapter 3 Unstable Angina/Non—ST Elevation MI |
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215 | (51) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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Non—ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction |
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217 | (1) |
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Clinical And Laboratory Findings |
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217 | (3) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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Creatine Kinase and Creatine Kinase-MB |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Estimation of Early Risk at Presentation |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (9) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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PAR-1 Receptor Antagonists |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Low-molecular-weight Heparin |
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222 | (1) |
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Direct Thrombin Inhibitors |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors |
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224 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Anti-ischemic Medications |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Exercise Treadmill Testing with Nuclear Imaging |
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229 | (1) |
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Pharmacologic Stress Testing with Imaging |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Coronary Computerized Tomography Angiography |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Non—ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction |
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230 | (1) |
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Prior Aspirin Use (Aspirin Failures) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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B-Type Natriuretic Peptide |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (35) |
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Review Articles and Pathophysiology |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (22) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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PAR-1 Receptor Antagonists |
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236 | (1) |
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Unfractionated Heparin and Warfarin |
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237 | (2) |
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Low-molecular-weight Heparin |
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239 | (4) |
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Anti-ischemic Medications |
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243 | (2) |
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Direct Thrombin Inhibitors |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors |
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247 | (6) |
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253 | (1) |
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Invasive versus Conservative Management |
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254 | (4) |
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Noninvasive Assessment and Prognosis |
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258 | (3) |
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Clinical or General Analyses |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (5) |
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Review Articles and Multimarker Studies |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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High-sensitivity Troponins |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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B-Type Natriuretic Peptide |
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264 | (1) |
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Specific Tests: Angiography, ECG, and Holter |
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265 | (1) |
| Chapter 4 ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction |
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266 | (108) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (19) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (4) |
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Indications for Thrombolysis |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Common Fibrinolytic Agents |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Percutaneous Coronary Intervention |
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276 | (5) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Primary Angioplasty versus Thrombolysis |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Routine PCI (after Thrombolysis) versus Delayed or Conservative Management |
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278 | (1) |
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Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (4) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Direct Thrombin Inhibitors |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Intravenous Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition Plus Reduced-dose Thrombolysis |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Glucose—Insulin—Potassium |
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286 | (1) |
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Intra-aortic Balloon Pump |
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287 | (1) |
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Right Ventricular Infarction |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Prognosis And Risk Stratification After Myocardial Infarction |
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290 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (81) |
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General Review Articles and Guidelines |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (3) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Prehospital and Emergency Department Evaluation |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (62) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (3) |
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Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors |
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304 | (1) |
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Reviews and Meta-analyses |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
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Review Articles and Meta-analyses |
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308 | (1) |
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Thrombolytic Comparative Studies |
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309 | (1) |
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Prehospital Thrombolysis Studies |
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316 | (2) |
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Percutaneous Coronary Intervention |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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Operator and Hospital Volumes |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (4) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Direct Thrombin Inhibitors |
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336 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors |
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343 | (1) |
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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors and Reduced-dose Thrombolysis |
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345 | (3) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
|
Glucose—Insulin—Potassium |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Left Ventricular Infarctions |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Right Ventricular Infarction |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Percutaneous Assist Devices |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
|
|
360 | (9) |
|
Reviews and Meta-analyses |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Electrocardiography, Arrhythmias, and Conduction Disease |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Echocardiography and Other Noninvasive Tests |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Flow, Vessel Patency, and Angiography |
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
Complications of Myocardial Infarction |
|
|
369 | (9) |
|
Arrhythmias, Bundle Branch Block |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Thrombolysis |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Reocclusion, Recurrent Ischemia, and Reinfarction |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Valvular Damage and Septal Defects |
|
|
372 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Heart Failure |
|
374 | (54) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
History And Physical Examination |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (14) |
|
Treatment of Acute Heart Failure |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure |
|
|
380 | (11) |
|
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Dual Ras Blockade (ACE/ARB) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Emerging Medical Therapies |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Left Ventricular Assist Device |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Other Surgical Treatments |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Additional Therapeutic Considerations |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Exercise Training and Rehabilitation |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (36) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (4) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (30) |
|
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin-II Receptor Blockers |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (5) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Review Articles and Meta-analyses |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Diuretics and Aldosterone Antagonists |
|
|
409 | (3) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (5) |
|
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Inotropic and Other Agents |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Mechanical Assist Devices and Surgical Options |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Additional Therapeutic Considerations |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (2) |
| Chapter 6 Arrhythmia |
|
428 | (73) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
428 | (17) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Etiologies and Risk Factors |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (15) |
|
Rate versus Rhythm Control |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
Pharmacologic Agents for Control of the Ventricular Rate |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Pharmacologic Agents for the Acute Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
Pharmacologic Agents for Long-term Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
Catheter and Surgical Ablation |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Type and Amount of Energy |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Anticoagulation before and after Cardioversion |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Thromboembolism |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Long-term Anticoagulation |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Non—Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Other Strategies to Prevent Thromboembolism |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Atrioventricular Junction Ablation with Permanent Pacemaker Implantation |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Atrial Fibrillation Prevention after Cardiac Surgery |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (6) |
|
Immediate Therapy: Automated External Defibrillators |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Immediate Therapy: Intravenous Amiodarone |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Secondary Prevention Trials: Drugs versus Implantable Cardioverter—Defibrillators |
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
Primary Prevention Trials: Antiarrhythmic Drugs |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention Trials: Drugs versus Implantable Cardioverter—Defibrillators |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention Trials: Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Studies of Emerging Tachyarrhythmia Therapies |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
Pacemaker Mode Selection Trials |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Pacing for Vasovagal Syncope |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Pacing for Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Resynchronization Therapy for Congestive Heart Failure |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (47) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Rate versus Rhythm Control |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Drug Trials for Rate and Rhythm Control in Atrial Fibrillation |
|
|
458 | (9) |
|
Catheter and Surgical Ablation |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Electrical Cardioversion and Pericardioversion Anticoagulation |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
Long-term Anticoagulation |
|
|
472 | (5) |
|
Non—Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants |
|
|
477 | (4) |
|
Nonpharmacologic Stroke Prevention in AF |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Atrial Fibrillation Prevention after Surgery |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (9) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Immediate Therapy: Automated External Defibrillators |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Immediate Therapy: Intravenous Amiodarone |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Secondary Prevention Trials: Drugs versus Implantable Cardioverter—Defibrillators |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention Trials: Antiarrhythmic Drugs |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention Trials: Drugs versus Implantable Cardioverter—Defibrillators |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
Primary Prevention Trials: Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Studies of Emerging Tachyarrhythmia Therapies |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (10) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
Pacing for Vasovagal Syncope |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
Pacing for Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Resynchronization Therapy for Congestive Heart Failure |
|
|
495 | (6) |
| Trial Index |
|
501 | (12) |
| Subject Index |
|
513 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta