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E-raamat: Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine - Volume 22: Urinary Tract Infection

(Rmit Univ, Australia), Editor-in-chief (Guangdong Provincial Hospital Of Chinese Medicine, China), (Guangdong Provincial Hospital Of Chinese Medicine, China), Editor-in-chief (Rmit Univ, Australia)
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Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine - Volume 22: Urinary Tract InfectionSuurem pilt
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Urinary tract infection is a common clinical condition with a significant health burden. This latest volume, Vol. 22 in the Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine series, uses a 'whole evidence' approach to summarise management of urinary tract infection with Chinese medicine. The first chapter provides an overview of the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment with conventional medicine. The conceptualisation of urinary tract infection in both contemporary and classical Chinese medicine literature is reviewed and analysed. Attention is then turned to the evidence from clinical studies. Systematic reviews, using internationally accepted scientific methods, describe the treatments tested in clinical studies and the effects of Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture and related therapies, and combinations of these therapies for urinary tract infection. The potential mechanisms of action for some of the key herbs are summarised, based on analysis of experimental studies. The final chapter summarises the current state of evidence and offers suggestions for contemporary clinical practice and future research. This book is a handy desktop reference for both clinicians and students of Chinese and integrative medicine. It provides a comprehensive synthesis of both traditional and contemporary knowledge that can inform clinical decision-making. This book provides an in-depth analysis of Chinese medicine management of urinary tract infection.

Disclaimer v
Foreword vii
Purpose of this Book xi
Authors and Contributors xv
Members of Advisory Committee and Panel xvii
Distinguished Professor Charlie Changli Xue xix
Professor Chuanjian Lu xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Figures
xxxix
List of Tables
xli
1 Introduction to Urinary Tract Infection
1(20)
Definition of Urinary Tract Infection
1(1)
Clinical Presentation
2(1)
Epidemiology
3(1)
Burden
4(1)
Risk Factors
5(1)
Pathological Processes
5(2)
Diagnosis
7(2)
Management
9(5)
Acute Urinary Tract Infection
10(2)
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
12(1)
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
13(1)
Prognosis
14(1)
References
15(6)
2 Urinary Tract Infection in Chinese Medicine
21(16)
Introduction
21(2)
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
23(1)
Syndrome Differentiation and Treatments
24(6)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation
24(1)
Dampness-heat in the Bladder
24(3)
Yin Deficiency and Dampness-heat
27(1)
Dual Deficiency of Spleen and Kidney with Retention of Dampness-heat
28(1)
Liver Depression and Qi Stagnation
29(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Steam Wash
30(1)
Acupuncture Therapies
31(2)
Acupuncture
31(1)
Ear Acupuncture
32(1)
Ultrashort Wave Therapy
33(1)
Other Management Strategies
33(1)
References
34(3)
3 Classical Chinese Medicine Literature
37(38)
Introduction
37(2)
Search Terms
39(1)
Procedures for Search
40(1)
Data Coding and Data Analysis Procedures
41(3)
Search Results
44(5)
Citations Related to Urinary Tract Infection
44(1)
Descriptions of Urinary Tract Infection
45(1)
Descriptions of the Aetiology of Urinary Tract Infection
46(2)
Signs and Symptoms of Urinary Disease
48(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine
49(14)
Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty
50(1)
Treatment with Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
51(1)
Most Frequent Oral Formulas in `Possible' Urinary Tract Infection Citations
51(3)
Most Frequent Herbs for Oral Use in `Possible' Urinary Tract Infection Citations
54(2)
Most Frequent Oral Formulas in `Most Likely' Urinary Tract Infection Citations
56(3)
Most Frequent Herbs for Oral Use in `Most Likely' Urinary Tract Infection Citations
59(1)
Treatment with Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
60(1)
Discussion of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Urinary Tract Infection
60(3)
Acupuncture and Related Therapies
63(5)
Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty
63(1)
Treatment with Acupuncture and Related Therapies
64(1)
Most Frequent Acupuncture Points in `Possible' Urinary Tract Infection Citations
65(1)
Most Frequent Acupuncture Points in `Most Likely' Urinary Tract Infection Citations
66(1)
Discussion of Acupuncture for Urinary Tract Infection
67(1)
Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
68(2)
Discussion of Other Chinese Medicine Therapies for Urinary Tract Infection
70(1)
Classical Literature in Perspective
70(3)
References
73(2)
4 Methods for Evaluating Clinical Evidence
75(16)
Introduction
75(1)
Search Strategy
75(2)
Inclusion Criteria
77(3)
Exclusion Criteria
80(1)
Outcomes
80(11)
Cure
81(1)
Recurrence
81(1)
Duration of Symptoms
81(1)
Biological Tests
82(1)
Health-related Quality of Life
82(1)
Health Care Costs and Adverse Events
83(1)
Risk of Bias Assessment
83(2)
Statistical Analyses
85(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
86(2)
References
88(3)
5 Clinical Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine
91(122)
Introduction
91(1)
Previous Systematic Reviews
92(2)
Identification of Clinical Studies
94(1)
Acute Urinary Tract Infection
94(20)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
94(5)
Risk of Bias
99(1)
Outcomes
100(1)
Composite Cure
101(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus placebo versus antibiotics plus placebo
101(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics plus placebo
101(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus pharmacotherapy
101(2)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone
103(2)
Recurrence
105(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
106(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
106(1)
Duration of Symptoms
107(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
107(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone
107(5)
Microbiologically Positive Urine Culture
112(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus placebo versus antibiotics plus placebo
113(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics plus placebo
113(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
113(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
113(1)
Pyuria
114(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
114(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
115(1)
Serum Creatinine
115(1)
Urinary Beta-2 Microglobulin
115(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
115(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
116(1)
Health Care Costs
116(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
116(9)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Antibiotics for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
117(2)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Antibiotics versus Antibiotics Alone for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
119(2)
Ba Zheng San versus Antibiotics for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
121(1)
Ba Zheng San plus Antibiotics versus Antibiotics Alone for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
121(1)
San Jin Pian versus Antibiotics for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
122(2)
San Jin Pian plus Antibiotics versus Antibiotics for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
124(1)
Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence for Individual Oral Formulas
125(2)
Frequently Reported Orally Used Herbs in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect
127(2)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Randomised Controlled Trials for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
129(2)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
130(1)
Outcomes
130(1)
Composite Cure
130(1)
Duration of All Urinary Symptoms
130(1)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Controlled Clinical Trials for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
131(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
131(1)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Non-controlled Studies for Acute Urinary Tract Infection
131(1)
Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
131(24)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
132(2)
Risk of Bias
134(2)
Outcomes
136(1)
Composite Cure
136(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
137(2)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone
139(1)
Recurrence
140(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
141(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
142(1)
Duration of Symptoms
142(1)
Microbiologically Positive Urine Culture
142(1)
Serum Creatinine
143(1)
Urinary Beta-2 Microglobulin
143(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
143(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
143(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation: Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
144(1)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Antibiotics for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
144(2)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Antibiotics versus Antibiotics Alone for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
146(2)
Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence for Individual Oral Formulas for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
148(1)
Frequently Reported Orally Used Herbs in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
148(2)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Randomised Controlled Trials for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
150(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
150(2)
Outcomes
152(1)
Composite Cure
152(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
152(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
152(1)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Controlled Clinical Trials for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
152(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
153(1)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Non-controlled Studies for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
153(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral plus Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine for Persistent Urinary Tract Infection
154(1)
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
155(11)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
155(4)
Risk of Bias
159(2)
Outcomes
161(1)
Composite Cure
162(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics plus placebo
162(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus placebo versus antibiotics plus placebo
162(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus pharmacotherapy
162(3)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone
165(1)
Recurrence
166(3)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus placebo versus antibiotics plus placebo
167(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus pharmacotherapy
167(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone
167(2)
Duration of Symptoms
169(4)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus pharmacotherapy
169(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
169(1)
Microbiologically Positive Urine Culture
169(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics plus placebo
170(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus placebo versus antibiotics plus placebo
170(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
170(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
170(1)
Pyuria
170(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics plus placebo
170(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
171(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
171(1)
Serum Creatinine
171(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
171(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
171(1)
Urinary Beta-2 Microglobulin
171(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus pharmacotherapy
172(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
172(1)
Urinary Alpha-1 Microglobulin
172(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus pharmacotherapy
172(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
172(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
173(5)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Antibiotics for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
173(2)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Antibiotics versus Antibiotics for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
175(2)
Ba Zheng San plus Antibiotics versus Antibiotics Alone for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
177(1)
San Jin Pian versus Antibiotics for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
177(1)
San Jin Pian plus Antibiotics versus Antibiotics Alone for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
177(1)
Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence for Individual Oral Formulas
178(2)
Frequently Reported Orally Used Herbs in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect
180(2)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Randomised Controlled Trials for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
182(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
182(1)
Outcomes
183(2)
Composite Cure
183(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus antibiotics
183(1)
Oral Chinese herbal medicine plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone
184(1)
Recurrence
185(1)
Duration of All Urinary Symptoms
185(1)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Controlled Clinical Trials for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
185(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
185(2)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Non-controlled Studies for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
187(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral plus Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
187(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral plus Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
188(1)
Clinical Evidence for Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatments
188(7)
Ba Zheng He Ji
189(1)
Ba Zheng San
189(2)
Chen Xiang San
191(1)
Niao Gan Ning Ke Li
191(1)
Re Lin Qing Ke Li
191(1)
San Jin Pian
192(2)
Shen Shu Ke Li
194(1)
Wu Bi Shan Yao Wan
194(1)
Zhi Bai Di Huang Tang
194(1)
Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan
195(1)
Summary of Chinese Herbal Medicine Clinical Evidence
195(5)
References
200(1)
References for Included Chinese Herbal Medicine Clinical Studies
200(13)
6 Pharmacological Actions of Frequently Used Herbs
213(34)
Introduction
213(1)
Methods
214(1)
Experimental Studies on Di Huang
215(2)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
215(1)
Antimicrobial Actions
216(1)
Immunomodulatory Actions
216(1)
Experimental Studies on Fu Ling
217(2)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
217(1)
Immunomodulatory Actions
218(1)
Diuretic Actions
219(1)
Experimental Studies on Can Cao
219(3)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
220(1)
Antimicrobial Actions
220(1)
Antiadhesive Actions
221(1)
Immunomodulatory Actions
221(1)
Experimental Studies on Shan Yao
222(1)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
222(1)
Antimicrobial Actions
222(1)
Immunomodulatory Actions
222(1)
Experimental Studies on Bian Xu
223(1)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
223(1)
Antimicrobial Actions
224(1)
Experimental Studies on Che Qian Zi
224(3)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
225(1)
Antimicrobial Actions
225(1)
Antiadhesive Actions
226(1)
Immunomodulatory Actions
226(1)
Experimental Studies on Hua Shi
227(2)
Antimicrobial Actions
227(1)
Antiadhesive Actions
228(1)
Experimental Studies on Huang Bai
229(2)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
229(1)
Antimicrobial Actions
230(1)
Antiadhesive Actions
231(1)
Experimental Studies on Huang Qi
231(3)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
232(1)
Antimicrobial Actions
233(1)
Immunomodulatory Actions
233(1)
Experimental Studies on Qu Mai
234(1)
Anti-inflammatory Actions
234(1)
Antimicrobial and Antiadherent Actions
235(1)
Summary of Pharmacological Actions of the Common Herbs
235(2)
References
237(10)
7 Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Related Therapies
247(16)
Introduction
247(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
248(1)
Acupuncture
248(7)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Acupuncture
248(2)
Risk of Bias
250(1)
Outcomes
251(1)
Acupuncture versus No Treatment
251(1)
Acupuncture versus Sham Acupuncture
251(1)
Acupuncture plus Infrared Radiation versus Antibiotics
252(1)
Frequently Reported Acupuncture Points in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect: Acupuncture
252(1)
Assessment using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
252(1)
Acupuncture versus sham acupuncture
253(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Acupuncture
253(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Acupuncture
254(1)
Safety of Acupuncture
254(1)
Ear Acupressure
255(1)
Moxibustion
256(1)
Ultrashort Wave Therapy
257(2)
Clinical Evidence for Commonly Used Acupuncture and Related Therapies
259(1)
Summary of Acupuncture and Related Therapies Clinical Evidence
260(1)
References
261(1)
References for Included Acupuncture Therapies Clinical Studies
262(1)
8 Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies
263(8)
Introduction
263(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
263(2)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Combination Therapies
265(2)
Risk of Bias
266(1)
Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies
267(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Moxibustion versus Antibiotics
267(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Moxibustion and Antibiotics versus Antibiotics Alone
267(1)
Non-Controlled Studies of Combination Therapies
267(1)
Safety of Combination Therapies
268(1)
Summary of Combination Therapies Evidence
268(2)
Reference
270(1)
References for Included Combination Therapies Clinical Studies
270(1)
9 Summary and Conclusions
271(28)
Introduction
271(12)
Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation
272(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine
274(4)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulas in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies
278(5)
Acupuncture and Related Therapies
283(4)
Acupuncture Therapies in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies
284(3)
Limitations of Evidence
287(3)
Classical Literature
287(1)
Clinical Studies
288(2)
Implications for Practice
290(2)
Implications for Research
292(2)
References
294(5)
Glossary 299(8)
Index 307
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