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E-raamat: Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Apr-2011
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781139064392
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Apr-2011
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781139064392
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Darwin identified the existence of separate male and female gametes as one of the central mysteries of evolutionary biology. 150 years later, the question of why male gametes exist remains an intriguing puzzle. In this, the first book solely devoted to the evolution of anisogamy, top theorists in the field explore why gamete dimorphism characterizes nearly all plants and animals. Did separate male and female gametes evolve as a result of competition, or does anisogamy instead represent selection for cooperation? If disruptive selection drove the evolution of anisogamy, with male gametes focused on search and fusion, and female gametes provisioning the new zygote, why do some algal species continue to produce gametes of a single size? Does sperm limitation, or escape from infection, better explain the need for extremely small, highly mobile sperm? Written by leaders in the field, this volume offers an authoritative and cutting-edge overview of evolutionary theory.

Darwin identified the existence of separate male and female gametes as one of the central mysteries of evolutionary biology; 150 years later, this question remains an intriguing puzzle. In this, the first book on the evolution of anisogamy, top theorists explore why gamete dimorphism characterizes nearly all plants and animals.

Arvustused

'This is a fascinating and authoritative collection shedding new light on one of the most fundamental challenges in evolutionary biology. Charles Darwin, who puzzled over the evolution of anisogamy, would much enjoy reading this book.' Simon A. Levin, Princeton University 'The mysteries of sex intrigue everyone, from all walks of life, but most laypeople are unaware that there has not always been sex. Sex, involving gametes of very unequal size (anisogamy) - one large and sessile and one tiny and mobile - evolved from a simpler mating system with two equal, small gametes (isogamy). Why? This book addresses this important question from all angles, empirical to theoretical. Contrasting explanations are argued in clear but rigorous detail, making this book ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate seminars, as well as study by professionals. Plants, with their diversity of present-day mating systems, play a major role in the book which will help to broaden student's perspectives by showing that interesting biology is not restricted to animals!' Brent D. Mishler, University of California, Berkeley 'The origin of sex was a key innovation in the evolution of eukaryotes. It was followed by an equally important key innovation, the origin of anisogamy, the functional differentiation of gametes into two types (male and female). This fundamental evolutionary phenomenon is treated in this book. Whereas there is a large body of literature on sex, anisogamy has found less attention. This fine volume is a collection of theoretical papers on essential aspects of anisogamy and sexual selection written by outstanding biologists. The introductory chapter gives a first glimpse into the fascinating history of the discovery of the evolution of anisogamy based on a wide array of clever biological questions.' Peter K. Endress, University of Zurich ' not only a must have for those interested in the specific topic but also comes highly recommended for anyone interested in sexual selection both informative and provocative it is likely that readers will leave with a firm understanding of the topic as well as several hypotheses of their own stemming from the reading. It is my hope that this volume will find itself in the hands of many evolutionary biologists and psychologists and that this impactful and pertinent idea will further shape our understanding of sexual selection.' American Journal of Human Biology

Muu info

The first book on the evolution of anisogamy: top theorists explore why gamete dimorphism characterizes nearly all plants and animals.
List of contributors
x
Introduction: The evolutionary mystery of gamete dimorphism 1(16)
Paul Alan Cox
1 The origin and maintenance of two sexes (anisogamy), and their gamete sizes by gamete competition
17(58)
Geoff A. Parker
1.1 Introduction
17(1)
1.2 The origin of anisogamy by disruptive selection on gamete size through gamete competition (PBS theory)
18(22)
1.2.1 Mating types and the PBS theory
22(7)
1.2.2 What determines whether the ESS is isogamy or anisogamy?
29(6)
1.2.3 The ancestral isogamous state - which came first, smaller or larger gametes?
35(1)
1.2.4 Requirements for PBS theory
36(1)
1.2.5 Evidence for PBS theory
37(3)
1.3 The loss of motility by female gametes (oogamy)
40(1)
1.4 Other theories for the origin of anisogamy and their relation to gamete competition
41(3)
1.4.1 Classical views
42(1)
1.4.2 Sperm limitation
42(1)
1.4.3 Conflicts with cytoplasmic elements
43(1)
1.5 Stability of anisogamy under internal fertilization - why is anisogamy not lost when sperm competition is reduced?
44(8)
1.5.1 Sperm competition and a direct sperm size-number trade-off
44(4)
1.5.2 No sperm competition: sperm size trade off against mate acquisition or paternal care
48(1)
1.5.3 No sperm competition: sperm numbers increase fertility (sperm limitation)
49(2)
1.5.4 Summary of maintenance of anisogamy
51(1)
1.6 Optimal sizes of the male and female gametes: anisogamy ratios
52(16)
1.6.1 Gamete size dimorphism from PBS theory
52(2)
1.6.2 Optimization of ovum size
54(1)
1.6.3 Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm size
54(14)
1.7 Anisogamy as a stage in the evolutionary chain of sexuality
68(7)
2 The evolutionary instability of isogamy
75(21)
Hiroyuki Matsuda
Peter A. Abrams
2.1 Introduction
75(2)
2.2 Sex-linked model when gamete size is determined independently in each mating type
77(6)
2.3 Non sex-linked model when gamete size is not associated with mating type
83(1)
2.4 Analyses of the sex-linked and non sex-linked models
84(2)
2.5 Cost of sex
86(1)
2.6 Simulation using an individual-based model
87(1)
2.7 Direct effects of size on gamete fitness
88(2)
2.8 Discussion
90(6)
3 Contact, not conflict, causes the evolution of anisogamy
96(15)
Joan Roughgarden
Priya Iyer
3.1 Introduction
96(3)
3.2 Model
99(4)
3.2.1 Hermaphroditic populations
99(2)
3.2.2 Synchronous spawners
101(1)
3.2.3 Genotype 11
101(1)
3.2.4 Genotype 12
102(1)
3.2.5 Frequency dependent collisions
102(1)
3.3 Condition for isogamy
103(1)
3.4 Condition for anisogamy
104(3)
3.5 Ecological predictions and tests
107(1)
3.6 Discussion
108(3)
4 Nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict and the evolution of gamete dimorphism
111(20)
Rolf F. Hoekstra
4.1 Cytoplasmic selection may cause nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict
111(1)
4.2 The evolution of uniparental cytoplasmic inheritance and anisogamy driven by nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict
112(6)
4.2.1 Empirical evidence: uniparental inheritance
115(1)
4.2.2 Empirical evidence: selfish mitochondrial DNA
116(1)
4.2.3 Evaluation of the theoretical models and comparison of model predictions with empirical evidence
117(1)
4.3 The evolution of isogamous binary mating types
118(7)
4.3.1 The role of nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict in mating-type evolution
119(1)
4.3.2 Mating-type evolution as a consequence of selection for asymmetry in gamete recognition and adhesion
120(1)
4.3.3 Sexual fusion asymmetric from the start?
120(1)
4.3.4 Empirical evidence
121(2)
4.3.5 Mating types superimposed on male/female differentiation
123(2)
4.4 The origin of sexual asymmetry
125(6)
5 Adaptive significance of egg size variation of aquatic organisms in relation to mesoscale features of aquatic environments
131(37)
Kinya Nishimura
Noboru Hoshino
5.1 Introduction
131(3)
5.2 Turbulent disturbance and its influence on egg size and related traits
134(13)
5.2.1 An integrative view
134(1)
5.2.2 Observed patterns of egg size variation in fish species
135(2)
5.2.3 The model
137(5)
5.2.4 Floating versus demersal
142(1)
5.2.5 Optimal egg size and optimal parental care
142(2)
5.2.6 Optimal early life-stage traits
144(2)
5.2.7 Water turbulent disturbance as an explanatory factor of egg size and related traits
146(1)
5.3 Non-turbulent water movement and egg size
147(14)
5.3.1 Planktonic eggs and larvae in water currents
147(3)
5.3.2 The model
150(4)
5.3.3 Optimal egg size with no retention at the spawning site
154(3)
5.3.4 Optimal egg size and retention at the spawning site
157(2)
5.3.5 Ecological implications
159(2)
5.4 Female gamete size variation in aquatic environments
161(7)
6 Gamete encounters
168(26)
David B. Dusenbery
6.1 Introduction
168(1)
6.2 Occurrence of sperm limitation
169(2)
6.2.1 Unfertilized eggs
169(1)
6.2.2 Evolved features to avoid sperm limitation
169(1)
6.2.3 Laboratory observations
170(1)
6.2.4 Field surveys
170(1)
6.3 Mechanisms of encounter
171(5)
6.3.1 Gamete encounter rates
171(2)
6.3.2 Factors influencing encounter rates
173(3)
6.4 Predicted evolution of anisogamy
176(14)
6.4.1 Assumptions
176(5)
6.4.2 Selective pressures
181(9)
6.5 Consequences of more effective encounter mechanisms
190(1)
6.6 Questions for the future
191(3)
7 Evolution of anisogamy and related phenomena in marine green algae
194(49)
Tatsuya Togashi
John L. Bartelt
7.1 Introduction
194(1)
7.2 Uniparental inheritance of cytoplasmic genes and gamete size
195(1)
7.3 Gamete size and behavior
196(2)
7.4 Phototaxis and fertilization success
198(2)
7.5 Pheromonal male gamete attraction systems in external fertilizers
200(2)
7.6 Synchronous gamete production and release
202(2)
7.7 Reproductive investment, gamete size and number
204(3)
7.8 Gamete motility
207(2)
7.9 Sex ratio
209(2)
7.10 Dioecious versus monoecious life history
211(1)
7.11 Ferilization kinetics model
211(5)
7.12 Cost of sex
216(2)
7.13 Evolution of gamete size without mating types
218(5)
7.14 Fertilization kinetics and the evolution of anisogamy
223(9)
7.15 Parthenogenesis
232(1)
7.16 Currents and turbulence
233(1)
7.17 Tests of the PBS model
233(2)
7.18 Gamete survival
235(1)
7.19 Anisogamy and habitats
236(1)
7.20 Multicellularity
236(1)
7.21 Summary
237(6)
Index 243
Tatsuya Togashi is Professor of Marine Biology at Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Japan. Paul Alan Cox is Executive Director of the Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA.