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Introduction: The evolutionary mystery of gamete dimorphism |
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1 | (16) |
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1 The origin and maintenance of two sexes (anisogamy), and their gamete sizes by gamete competition |
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17 | (58) |
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17 | (1) |
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1.2 The origin of anisogamy by disruptive selection on gamete size through gamete competition (PBS theory) |
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18 | (22) |
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1.2.1 Mating types and the PBS theory |
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22 | (7) |
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1.2.2 What determines whether the ESS is isogamy or anisogamy? |
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29 | (6) |
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1.2.3 The ancestral isogamous state - which came first, smaller or larger gametes? |
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35 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Requirements for PBS theory |
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36 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Evidence for PBS theory |
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37 | (3) |
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1.3 The loss of motility by female gametes (oogamy) |
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40 | (1) |
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1.4 Other theories for the origin of anisogamy and their relation to gamete competition |
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41 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Conflicts with cytoplasmic elements |
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43 | (1) |
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1.5 Stability of anisogamy under internal fertilization - why is anisogamy not lost when sperm competition is reduced? |
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44 | (8) |
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1.5.1 Sperm competition and a direct sperm size-number trade-off |
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44 | (4) |
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1.5.2 No sperm competition: sperm size trade off against mate acquisition or paternal care |
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48 | (1) |
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1.5.3 No sperm competition: sperm numbers increase fertility (sperm limitation) |
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49 | (2) |
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1.5.4 Summary of maintenance of anisogamy |
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51 | (1) |
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1.6 Optimal sizes of the male and female gametes: anisogamy ratios |
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52 | (16) |
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1.6.1 Gamete size dimorphism from PBS theory |
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52 | (2) |
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1.6.2 Optimization of ovum size |
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54 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm size |
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54 | (14) |
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1.7 Anisogamy as a stage in the evolutionary chain of sexuality |
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68 | (7) |
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2 The evolutionary instability of isogamy |
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75 | (21) |
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75 | (2) |
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2.2 Sex-linked model when gamete size is determined independently in each mating type |
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77 | (6) |
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2.3 Non sex-linked model when gamete size is not associated with mating type |
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83 | (1) |
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2.4 Analyses of the sex-linked and non sex-linked models |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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2.6 Simulation using an individual-based model |
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87 | (1) |
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2.7 Direct effects of size on gamete fitness |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (6) |
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3 Contact, not conflict, causes the evolution of anisogamy |
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96 | (15) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Hermaphroditic populations |
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99 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Synchronous spawners |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Frequency dependent collisions |
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102 | (1) |
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3.3 Condition for isogamy |
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103 | (1) |
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3.4 Condition for anisogamy |
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104 | (3) |
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3.5 Ecological predictions and tests |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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4 Nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict and the evolution of gamete dimorphism |
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111 | (20) |
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4.1 Cytoplasmic selection may cause nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2 The evolution of uniparental cytoplasmic inheritance and anisogamy driven by nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict |
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112 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Empirical evidence: uniparental inheritance |
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115 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Empirical evidence: selfish mitochondrial DNA |
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116 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Evaluation of the theoretical models and comparison of model predictions with empirical evidence |
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117 | (1) |
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4.3 The evolution of isogamous binary mating types |
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118 | (7) |
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4.3.1 The role of nucleo-cytoplasmic conflict in mating-type evolution |
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119 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Mating-type evolution as a consequence of selection for asymmetry in gamete recognition and adhesion |
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120 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Sexual fusion asymmetric from the start? |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Mating types superimposed on male/female differentiation |
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123 | (2) |
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4.4 The origin of sexual asymmetry |
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125 | (6) |
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5 Adaptive significance of egg size variation of aquatic organisms in relation to mesoscale features of aquatic environments |
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131 | (37) |
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131 | (3) |
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5.2 Turbulent disturbance and its influence on egg size and related traits |
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134 | (13) |
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5.2.1 An integrative view |
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134 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Observed patterns of egg size variation in fish species |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (5) |
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5.2.4 Floating versus demersal |
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142 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Optimal egg size and optimal parental care |
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142 | (2) |
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5.2.6 Optimal early life-stage traits |
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144 | (2) |
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5.2.7 Water turbulent disturbance as an explanatory factor of egg size and related traits |
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146 | (1) |
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5.3 Non-turbulent water movement and egg size |
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147 | (14) |
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5.3.1 Planktonic eggs and larvae in water currents |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Optimal egg size with no retention at the spawning site |
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154 | (3) |
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5.3.4 Optimal egg size and retention at the spawning site |
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157 | (2) |
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5.3.5 Ecological implications |
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159 | (2) |
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5.4 Female gamete size variation in aquatic environments |
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161 | (7) |
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168 | (26) |
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168 | (1) |
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6.2 Occurrence of sperm limitation |
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169 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Evolved features to avoid sperm limitation |
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169 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Laboratory observations |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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6.3 Mechanisms of encounter |
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171 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Gamete encounter rates |
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171 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Factors influencing encounter rates |
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173 | (3) |
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6.4 Predicted evolution of anisogamy |
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176 | (14) |
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176 | (5) |
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6.4.2 Selective pressures |
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181 | (9) |
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6.5 Consequences of more effective encounter mechanisms |
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190 | (1) |
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6.6 Questions for the future |
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191 | (3) |
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7 Evolution of anisogamy and related phenomena in marine green algae |
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194 | (49) |
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194 | (1) |
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7.2 Uniparental inheritance of cytoplasmic genes and gamete size |
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195 | (1) |
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7.3 Gamete size and behavior |
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196 | (2) |
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7.4 Phototaxis and fertilization success |
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198 | (2) |
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7.5 Pheromonal male gamete attraction systems in external fertilizers |
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200 | (2) |
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7.6 Synchronous gamete production and release |
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202 | (2) |
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7.7 Reproductive investment, gamete size and number |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (2) |
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7.10 Dioecious versus monoecious life history |
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211 | (1) |
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7.11 Ferilization kinetics model |
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211 | (5) |
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216 | (2) |
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7.13 Evolution of gamete size without mating types |
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218 | (5) |
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7.14 Fertilization kinetics and the evolution of anisogamy |
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223 | (9) |
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232 | (1) |
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7.16 Currents and turbulence |
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233 | (1) |
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7.17 Tests of the PBS model |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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7.19 Anisogamy and habitats |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (6) |
Index |
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243 | |