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E-raamat: Evolutionary Biomechanics: Selection, Phylogeny, and Constraint

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(Professor of Biomechanics, University of Oxford, UK), (Associate Professor in Mathematical Biology, University of Oxford, UK)
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Evolutionary Biomechanics: Selection, Phylogeny, and ConstraintSuurem pilt
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Evolutionary biomechanics is the study of evolution through the analysis of biomechanical systems. Its unique advantage is the precision with which physical constraints and performance can be predicted from first principles Instead of reviewing the entire breadth of the biomechanical literature a few key examples are explored in depth as vehicles for discussing fundamental concepts analytical techniques, and evolutionary theory. Each chapter pursues a conceptual theme developing the underlying theory and techniques required for analyses in evolutionary biomechanics. Examples from terrestrial biomechanics, metabolic scaling, and bird 'light are used to analyse how physics constrains the design space that natural selection is free to explore, and how adaptive evolution finds solutions Lo the trade-offs between multiple complex conflicting performance objectives

Evolutionary Biomechanics Is suitable for graduate levee students and professional researchers In the fields of biomechanics physiology evolutionary biology and palaeontology. It will also be of relevance and use to researchers in the physical sciences and engineering.

Evolutionary biomechanics is the study of evolution through the analysis of biomechanical systems. Its unique advantage is the precision with which physical constraints and performance can be predicted from first principles. Instead of reviewing the entire breadth of the biomechanical literature, a few key examples are explored in depth as vehicles for discussing fundamental concepts, analytical techniques, and evolutionary theory. Each chapter develops a conceptual theme, developing the underlying theory and techniques required for analyses in evolutionary biomechanics. Examples from terrestrial biomechanics, metabolic scaling, and bird flight are used to analyse how physics constrains the design space that natural selection is free to explore, and how adaptive evolution finds solutions to the trade-offs between multiple complex conflicting performance objectives.

Evolutionary Biomechanics is suitable for graduate level students and professional researchers in the fields of biomechanics, physiology, evolutionary biology and palaeontology. It will also be of relevance and use to researchers in the physical sciences and engineering.

Arvustused

This is a scholarly volume that approaches a challenging subject in a straightforward and rigorous manner, which is illuminating without being overpowering...ideal for students who want both depth and a fascinating context. * Ian Carter, The Biologist * This volume provides for all. ... This is a great volume for undergraduates or postdoctoral researchers. * Christian Laurent, Quarterly Review of Biology *

List of symbols xv
1 Themes 1(12)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Selection
2(2)
1.3 Constraint
4(3)
1.4 Scaling
7(2)
1.5 Phylogeny
9(1)
1.6 Form and function in flight
9(1)
1.7 Adaptation in avian wing design
10(1)
1.8 Trade-offs: selection, phylogeny, and constraint
11(1)
1.9 Conclusion
12(1)
2 Selection 13(18)
2.1 Introduction
13(2)
2.2 Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of natural selection
15(11)
2.2.1 Derivation of the Fundamental Theorem
16(6)
2.2.2 Meaning of the Fundamental Theorem
22(3)
2.2.3 Naming of the Fundamental Theorem
25(1)
2.3 Fisher's quasi-conservation law of population mean fitness
26(1)
2.4 Optimization and evolution
26(3)
2.4.1 Redefining the adaptive landscape
27(1)
2.4.2 Drowning Mount Improbable
28(1)
2.5 Conclusions
29(2)
3 Constraint 31(22)
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Dimensional analysis
32(3)
3.3 Swinging gaits
35(4)
3.3.1 Theoretical constraints upon pendular brachiation
35(2)
3.3.2 Empirical constraints upon brachiation
37(2)
3.4 Walking gaits
39(7)
3.4.1 Theoretical constraints upon walking
39(5)
3.4.2 Empirical constraints upon walking
44(2)
3.5 Running gaits
46(5)
3.5.1 Theoretical constraints upon running
46(3)
3.5.2 Empirical constraints upon running
49(2)
3.6 Conclusions
51(2)
4 Scaling 53(20)
4.1 Introduction
53(1)
4.2 Some terminological baggage's
54(1)
4.3 Physical models of scaling relationships
55(6)
4.3.1 The West-Brown-Enquist model
56(3)
4.3.2 Metabolic scaling
59(2)
4.4 Statistical models of scaling relationships
61(9)
4.4.1 Equation error models
62(1)
4.4.2 Regression models
63(3)
4.4.3 Errors-in-variables models
66(2)
4.4.4 Logarithmic transformation
68(2)
4.5 Conclusions
70(3)
5 Phylogeny 73(18)
5.1 Introduction
73(1)
5.2 Comparative data and their pitfalls
74(2)
5.3 On the origin of phylogenetic non-independence
76(3)
5.3.1 Equation error in comparative data
76(2)
5.3.2 Evolutionary models and equation error
78(1)
5.4 The comparative method in theory
79(6)
5.4.1 Independent contrasts
80(1)
5.4.2 Generalized least squares
81(2)
5.4.3 Specifying the error covariance structure
83(2)
5.5 The comparative method in practice
85(4)
5.6 Conclusions
89(2)
6 Form and function in flight 91(14)
6.1 Introduction
91(1)
6.2 Scale effects in bird flight
92(2)
6.3 Form and function in bird flight
94(7)
6.3.1 Selection for large transient forces
95(1)
6.3.2 Selection for high glide speed
95(2)
6.3.3 Selection for low sink rate
97(1)
6.3.4 Selection for low power requirements
98(1)
6.3.5 Selection for high aerodynamic efficiency
99(2)
6.4 Classical wing theory
101(1)
6.5 Conclusions
102(3)
7 Adaptation in avian wing design 105(18)
7.1 Introduction
105(1)
7.2 History
106(1)
7.3 Ecological predictors
107(6)
7.4 Flight morphology
113(1)
7.5 Analyses
113(3)
7.6 Results
116(5)
7.7 Conclusions
121(2)
8 Trade-offs: selection, phylogeny, and constraint 123(14)
8.1 Introduction
123(1)
8.2 The adaptive landscape revisited
124(1)
8.3 Multi-objective optimization
125(1)
8.4 Trade-off§ in soaring flight
126(9)
8.4.1 Performance objectives in soaring flight
126(3)
8.4.2 Flight performance of soaring birds
129(3)
8.4.3 Pareto optimality in soaring birds
132(3)
8.5 Conclusions
135(2)
References 137(10)
Index 147
Graham Taylor is Associate Professor of Mathematical Biology at the University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, with a particular focus on the dynamics and control of flight, and a strong interest in evolutionary theory and animal behaviour.

Adrian Thomas is Professor of Biomechanics at the University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, and works on Biomechanics and Evolution, with a particular focus on animal flight and aerodynamics. He does aerodynamics consultancy work with drone and paraglider manufacturers and flies the wings he helps design.
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