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E-raamat: Evolutionary Syntax

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(Professor and Director of the Linguistics Program, Wayne State University)
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In this book, Ljiljana Progovac proposes a gradualist, adaptationist approach to the evolution of syntax, subject to natural selection. She provides a specific framework for its study, combining the fields of evolutionary biology, theoretical syntax, typology, neuroscience, and genetics. The author pursues an internal reconstruction of the stages of grammar based on the syntactic theory associated with Chomskyan Minimalism and arrives at specific, testable hypotheses, which are then corroborated by an abundance of theoretically analysed 'living fossils' drawn from a variety of languages. Her approach demonstrates that these fossil structures do not just coexist alongside more modern structures, but are in fact built into the very foundation of more complex structures, leading to quirks and complexities that are suggestive of a gradualist evolutionary scenario. By reconstructing a particular path along which syntax evolved,Evolutionary Syntax sheds light on the crucial properties of language design itself, as well as on the major parameters of crosslinguistic variation. As a result, this reconstruction can be meaningfully correlated with both the hominin timeline and the ever-growing body of genetic evidence that is available.

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Evolutionary Syntax is a major contribution to the literature. It offers a novel gradualist account of the evolution of syntax, grounded in a thorough consideration of a range of linguistic phenomena. This is essential reading for anyone interested in the origin and evolution of the human capacity for language. * Brady Clark, Northwestern University * This is the book that brings Chomsky and Darwin together, arguing that the basic tenets of the minimalist program and its hierarchic sentence structure support a gradualist approach to the evolution of language motivated by natural selection. A must read for linguists of diverse persuasions, demonstrating to theoretical syntacticians the relevance of evolution to the architecture of grammar, while suggesting to students of the evolution of language that valuable insights may be on offer from the minimalist approach. Grammarians will also find novel analyses of "syntactic fossils" such as compounds, root small clauses, and thetic statements in this well-written book that is hard to put down. * David Gil, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology *

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xii
List of abbreviations xiv
1 Introduction 1(32)
1.1 Background and rationale
1(4)
1.2 Proposal in a nutshell
5(7)
1.2.1 What did proto-syntax look like?
5(3)
1.2.2 A method of reconstruction based on Minimalism
8(4)
1.3 Three rough stages
12(2)
1.4 Can natural/sexual selection be relevant for syntax?
14(6)
1.5 Corroboration and testing
20(1)
1.6 A brief comparison with Jackendoff's (and other) approaches
21(5)
1.7 Syntactic theory
26(3)
1.8
Chapter-by-chapter overview
29(4)
2 The small (clause) beginnings 33(24)
2.1 Introduction
33(1)
2.2 Root small clauses in English
34(6)
2.3 (Unaccusative) Root small clauses in Serbian
40(4)
2.4 Small clause syntax is rigid (no Move, no recursion)
44(5)
2.5 Corroborating evidence and testing grounds
49(7)
2.5.1 Language acquisition
49(3)
2.5.2 Agrammatism
52(1)
2.5.3 Neuroimaging
52(1)
2.5.4 Genetics and the FOXP2 gene
53(2)
2.5.5 Stratification accounts elsewhere
55(1)
2.6 Conclusion
56(1)
3 The intransitive two-word stage: Absolutives, unaccusatives, and middles as precursors to transitivity 57(29)
3.1 Introduction: The two-word stage
57(5)
3.2 Intransitive absolutives
62(3)
3.3 More on living fossils: What is it that unaccusatives, exocentrics, and absolutives have in common?
65(10)
3.3.1 Unaccusatives
66(2)
3.3.2 Exocentric compounds
68(2)
3.3.3 Absolutives
70(3)
3.3.4 More absolutive-like patterns in nominative/accusative languages
73(2)
3.3.4.1 Nominals
73(1)
3.3.4.2 Dative subjects
74(1)
3.3.4.3 Clausal complements
74(1)
3.4 Precursors to transitivity
75(6)
3.4.1 Serial verb constructions
75(1)
3.4.2 The "middle" ground
76(5)
3.5 Corroborating evidence and testing grounds
81(4)
3.6 Conclusion
85(1)
4 Parataxis and coordination as precursors to hierarchy: Evolving recursive grammars 86(45)
4.1 Hypothesized evolutionary stages of syntax
86(3)
4.2 Paratactic proto-syntax stage
89(13)
4.2.1 Operation Conjoin: Clause-internally and clause-externally
89(6)
4.2.2 Paratactic grammar vs separate utterances
95(4)
4.2.3 Absolutes and correlatives: More on Conjoin
99(3)
4.3 The proto-coordination stage
102(7)
4.4 The specific functional category stage
109(14)
4.4.1 From linkers to specific functional categories
109(2)
4.4.2 CP and recursion
111(2)
4.4.3 DP and recursion
113(2)
4.4.4 Benefits of subordination
115(2)
4.4.5 Possible precursors to Move
117(3)
4.4.6 Transitions and overlaps
120(3)
4.5 Corroborating evidence
123(6)
4.5.1 Corroborating evidence for the paratactic stage
123(5)
4.5.1.1 Ancient languages
123(1)
4.5.1.2 Grammaticalization
123(1)
4.5.1.3 Comparative studies: Animal communication
124(2)
4.5.1.4 Agrammatism
126(1)
4.5.1.5 Neuroscience
127(1)
4.5.1.6 Acquisition
128(1)
4.5.2 Corroborating evidence for a proto-coordination stage
128(1)
4.6 Concluding remarks
129(2)
5 Islandhood (Subjacency) as an epiphenomenon of evolutionary tinkering 131(13)
5.1 Introductory note
131(1)
5.2 What is islandhood/subjacency?
131(4)
5.3 Why there is no principled account of islandhood
135(4)
5.4 Subjacency in the light of evolution
139(3)
5.5 Conclusion
142(2)
6 Exocentric VN compounds: The best fossils 144(30)
6.1 Introduction
144(1)
6.2 Paratactic grammar behind VN compounds
145(7)
6.2.1 Absolutive-like proto-predication
145(4)
6.2.2 Exocentricity
149(3)
6.3 A comparison with the hierarchical verbal compounds
152(4)
6.4 A surprising verb form: The imperative
156(6)
6.5 Crosslinguistic distribution and parallels
162(5)
6.5.1 VN compounds in other Slavic languages
162(1)
6.5.2 VN compounds in Romance languages
163(3)
6.5.3 VN compounds in non-Indo-European languages
166(1)
6.6 VN compounds and sexual selection
167(2)
6.7 Corroborating evidence and testing grounds
169(2)
6.8 Concluding remarks
171(1)
6.9 Appendix 1: Additional English VN compounds
171(1)
6.10 Appendix 2: Additional (mostly coarse) VN compounds as Serbian people and place names
172(2)
7 The plausibility of natural selection for syntax 174(33)
7.1 Concrete and selectable advantages accrued by each stage
174(1)
7.2 From one-word to two-word utterances: Vagueness galore
175(5)
7.3 From the two-word stage to hierarchical syntax: Evolving transitivity, displacement, and recursion
180(13)
7.3.1 Introductory remarks
180(1)
7.3.2 Grammaticalizing tense
180(3)
7.3.3 Grammaticalizing transitivity
183(4)
7.3.4 Recursion
187(3)
7.3.5 Historical change vs language evolution
190(3)
7.4 A detailed selection scenario
193(5)
7.5 The timeline for the evolution of language
198(9)
7.5.1 Was there enough time?
198(1)
7.5.2 The timeline
199(8)
8 Conclusion 207(4)
Appendix Testing grounds: Neuroimaging Co-authored with Noa Ofen 211(8)
References 219(28)
Index of languages and language groups 247(2)
Index of names 249(6)
Index of subjects 255
Ljiljana Progovac is Professor of Linguistics and Director of the Linguistics Program at Wayne State University in Detroit. She received her undergraduate degree in English from the University of Novi Sad, Serbia, and her Ph.D. degree in linguistics from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Her research interests include syntax, Slavic syntax, and the evolution of syntax. She is the author of Negative and Positive Polarity (CUP, 1994) and A Syntax of Serbian (Slavica, 2005), as well as multiple journal articles and conference papers on language evolution, and is co-editor of The Syntax of Nonsententials (Benjamins, 2006).
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