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E-raamat: Existential Sentences in English

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In order to bring some minimal amount of order to the chaos that almost inevitably attends the use of the word ‘existential’ in a linguistic investigation, the author reserved the termexistential sentence (ES) to designate all and only those English sentences in which there appears an occurrence of the unstressed, non-deictic, ‘existential’there. Thus the term will be used as a characterisation of a class of syntactic objects, not as a semantic description. With ES sentences including formations such as ‘There were several people talking’ and ‘There ensued a riot’, perhaps nowhere else do we find so clearly displayed the complexity and subtlety of the syntactic and semantic interactions which determine the nature of human language.

Preliminaries 9(3)
PART I Do We Have to Have a There-Insertion Rule?
12(140)
Chapter 1 ES and the There-Insertion Analysis
13(35)
1.1 Some Facts
13(8)
1.2 An Analysis: There-Insertion
21(27)
1.2.1 Synopsis of the Analysis
21(3)
1.2.2 Claims and Advantages
24(13)
1.2.3 Inadequacies of the There-Insertion Analysis
37(7)
Footnotes to
Chapter 1
44(4)
Chapter 2 Emonds' Analysis
48(14)
2.1 On the Cases Supporting the Analysis
49(6)
2.1.1 The Semi-modal Restriction
50(2)
2.1.2 The Predicate Restriction
52(3)
2.2 The Passive/Progressive Problem
55(5)
2.3 Conclusion
60(2)
Chapter 3 The PS Hypothesis
62(28)
3.1 Summary of the Analysis
62(4)
3.2 However...
66(24)
3.2.1 The Arguments from Extraction
68(4)
3.2.2 Arguments from Non-existent NP
72(3)
3.2.3 Other Arguments Concerning Passives and Progressives
75(11)
Footnotes to
Chapter 3
86(4)
Chapter 4 The Cleft Reduction Hypothesis
90(26)
4.1 Summary of the Analysis
90(5)
4.2 The Relationship of Clefts to ES
95(6)
4.3 The Relationship of Perception Verb Sentences to ES
101(9)
4.4 The Range of Alternatives for the Structure of the Coda
110(6)
Footnotes to
Chapter 4
114(2)
Chapter 5 The Loc-Front Proposal
116(36)
5.1 Summary of the Proposal
117(1)
5.2 Evaluation of the Arguments
118(18)
5.3 Counterarguments
136(11)
5.4 Conclusion
147(5)
Footnotes to
Chapter 5
149(3)
PART II What Can Be Done About It?
152(105)
Preliminaries
153(11)
Chapter 6 Ontological, Locational, and Periphrastic ES
164(81)
6.1 What Do Existential Sentences Mean?
164(25)
6.1.1 The Nature of the Question
164(2)
6.1.1.1 The Extension Problem
166(4)
6.1.1.2 The Intension Problem
170(2)
6.1.1.3 Summary of the Problem
172(1)
6.1.2 "Exist" as a Characteristic Reading of ES
173(7)
6.1.3 The Meaning of "Exist"
180(6)
6.1.4 Summary of 6.1
186(3)
6.2 Solutions to Things
189(47)
6.2.1 Approach
189(5)
6.2.2 The Definiteness Restriction
194(16)
6.2.3 The Predicate Restriction
210(6)
6.2.4 Additional Matters Concerning the Quantification Restriction and the Predicate Restriction
216(4)
6.2.5 The Syntax of Locational ES
220(10)
6.2.6 The Problem of Ungrammatical Sources for Ontologicals
230(1)
6.2.7 The Leftmost Be Condition
231(3)
6.2.8 The Semi-modal Restriction
234(2)
6.3 Conclusion to
Chapter 6
236(9)
Footnotes to
Chapter 6
237(8)
Chapter 7 Verbal ES
245(12)
7.1 Difference between Inside and Outside Verbal ES
245(6)
7.1.1 Inside Verbals
246(1)
7.1.2 Outside Verbals
247(4)
7.2 On the Nature of the Verbs in IV ES
251(4)
7.3 Conclusion
255(2)
Footnotes to
Chapter 7
256(1)
Bibliography 257
Gary L. Milsark