| Preface: Extreme Tissue Engineering -- a User's Guide |
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xi | |
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1 Which Tissue Engineering Tribe Are You From? |
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1 | (32) |
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1.1 Why do we need to engineer tissues at all? |
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1 | (6) |
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1.1.1 Will the real tissue engineering and regenerative medicine please stand up? |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Other people's definitions |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Defining our tissue engineering: fixing where we are on the scale-hierarchy |
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4 | (3) |
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1.2 Bio-integration as a fundamental component of engineering tissues |
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7 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Bio-scientists and physical scientists/engineers: understanding diversity in TERM |
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8 | (2) |
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1.3 What are the `tribes' of tissue engineering? |
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10 | (6) |
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1.3.1 Special needs for special characteristics: why is networking essential for TERM? |
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13 | (3) |
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1.4 Surprises from tissue engineering (Veselius to Vacanti) |
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16 | (4) |
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1.5 So, really, is there any difference between tissue engineering and regenerative medicine? |
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20 | (7) |
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1.5.1 Questions never really asked: repair versus regeneration? |
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20 | (3) |
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1.5.2 Understanding the full spectrum: tissue replacement, repair and regeneration |
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23 | (4) |
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27 | (1) |
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1.7 Summarizing definitions |
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28 | (5) |
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Annex 1 Other people's definitions of tissue engineering |
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29 | (1) |
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Annex 2 Other people's definitions of regenerative medicine |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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2 Checking Out the Tissue Groupings and the Small Print |
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33 | (18) |
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2.1 Checking the small print: what did we agree to engineer? |
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33 | (4) |
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2.2 Identifying special tissue needs, problems and opportunities |
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37 | (2) |
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2.3 When is `aiming high' just `over the top'? |
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39 | (2) |
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2.4 Opportunities, risks and problems |
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41 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Experimental model tissues (as distinct from spare-parts and fully regenerated tissues) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.4.2 The pressing need for 3D model tissues |
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42 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Tissue models can be useful spin-offs on the way to implants |
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42 | (2) |
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2.5 Special needs for model tissues |
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44 | (2) |
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2.5.1 Cell selection: constancy versus correctness |
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44 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Support matrices -- can synthetics fake it? |
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45 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Tissue dimensions: when size does matter! |
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46 | (1) |
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2.6 Opportunities and sub-divisions for engineering clinical implant tissues |
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46 | (3) |
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2.6.1 Making physiological implants: spare parts or complete replacement? |
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47 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Making pathological and aphysiological constructs: inventing new parts and new uses |
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47 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Learning to use the plethora of tissue requirements as an opportunity |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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3 What Cells `Hear' When We Say `3D' |
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51 | (26) |
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3.1 Sensing your environment in three dimensions: seeing the cues |
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51 | (3) |
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3.2 What is this 3D cell culture thing? |
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54 | (1) |
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3.3 Is 3D, for cells, more than a stack of 2Ds? |
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55 | (3) |
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3.4 On, in and between tissues: what is it like to be a cell? |
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58 | (4) |
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3.5 Different forms of cell-space: 2D, 3D, pseudo-3D and 4D cell culture |
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62 | (7) |
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3.5.1 What has `3D' ever done for me? |
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62 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Introducing extracellular matrix |
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63 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Diffusion and mass transport |
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65 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Oxygen mass transport and gradients in 3D engineered tissues: scaling Mount Doom |
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66 | (3) |
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3.6 Matrix-rich, cell-rich and pseudo-3D cell cultures |
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69 | (2) |
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3.7 4D cultures -- or cultures with a 4th dimension? |
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71 | (2) |
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3.8 Building our own personal understanding of cell position in its 3D space |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (2) |
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75 | (2) |
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4 Making Support-Scaffolds Containing Living Cells |
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77 | (26) |
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4.1 Two in one: maintaining a synergy means keeping a good duet together |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2 Choosing cells and support-scaffolds is like matching carriers with cargo |
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78 | (2) |
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4.3 How like the `real thing' must a scaffold be to fool its resident cells? |
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80 | (3) |
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4.4 Tissue prosthetics and cell prosthetics -- what does it matter? |
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83 | (2) |
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4.5 Types of cell support material for tissue engineering -- composition or architecture? |
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85 | (1) |
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4.5.1 Surface or bulk - what does it mean to the cells? |
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85 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Bulk material breakdown and the local `cell economy' |
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85 | (1) |
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4.6 Three generic types of bulk composition for support materials |
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86 | (14) |
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4.6.1 Synthetic materials for cell supports |
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88 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Natural, native polymer materials for cell supports |
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90 | (8) |
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4.6.3 Hybrids: composite cell support materials having synthetic and natural components |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (3) |
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101 | (2) |
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5 Making the Shapes for Cells in Support-Scaffolds |
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103 | (28) |
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5.1 3D shape and the size hierarchy of support materials |
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104 | (2) |
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5.2 What do we think `substrate shape' might control? |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3 How we fabricate tissue structures affects what we get out in the end: bottom up or top down? |
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107 | (3) |
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5.4 What shall we seed into our cell-support materials? |
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110 | (8) |
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5.4.1 Cell loading: guiding the willing, bribing the reluctant or trapping the unwary? |
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111 | (3) |
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5.4.2 Getting cells onto/into pre-fabricated constructs (the willing and the reluctant) |
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114 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Trapping the unwary: Seeding cells into self-assembling, gel-forming materials |
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115 | (3) |
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5.5 Acquiring our cells: recruiting the enthusiastic or press-ganging the resistant |
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118 | (6) |
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5.5.1 From cell expansion to selection and differentiation |
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121 | (3) |
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5.6 Cargo, crew or stowaway? |
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124 | (4) |
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5.6.1 Crew-type cells: helping with the journey |
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124 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Cargo-type cells: building the bulk tissue |
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125 | (3) |
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5.6.3 Stowaway or ballast-type cells |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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129 | (2) |
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6 Asymmetry: 3D Complexity and Layer Engineering -- Worth the Hassle? |
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131 | (32) |
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6.1 Degrees of tissue asymmetry |
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133 | (1) |
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6.2 Making simple anisotropic/asymmetrical structures |
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134 | (3) |
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6.3 Thinking asymmetrically |
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137 | (3) |
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6.4 How do we know which scale to engineer first? |
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140 | (4) |
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6.5 Making a virtue of hierarchical complexity: because we have to |
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144 | (3) |
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6.6 Cell-layering and matrix-layering |
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147 | (4) |
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6.7 No such thing as too many layers: theory and practice of tissue layer engineering |
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151 | (7) |
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6.7.1 Examples of layer engineering |
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153 | (5) |
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6.8 Other forms of tissue fabrication in layers and zones |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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6.9 Familiar asymmetrical construction components: everyday `layer engineering' |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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160 | (3) |
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7 Other Ways to Grow Tissues? |
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163 | (22) |
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7.1 General philosophies for repair, replacement and regeneration |
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163 | (4) |
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7.1.1 What does reconstructive surgery have to teach us? |
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765 | |
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7.1.2 Clues from the natural growth of tissues |
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166 | (1) |
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7.2 What part of grow do we not understand? |
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167 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Childhood growth of soft connective tissues: a good focus? |
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169 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Mechanically induced `growth' of tissues in children |
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170 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Mechanically induced `growth' of adult tissue |
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171 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Growth has a mirror image -- `ungrowth' or shrinkage-remodelling |
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172 | (1) |
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7.3 If growth and ungrowth maintain a tensional homeostasis, what are its controls? |
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173 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Tension-driven growth and tensional homeostasis -- the cell's perspective? |
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174 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Mechanically reactive collagen remodelling -- the `constant tailor' theory |
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177 | (1) |
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7.4 Can we already generate tension-driven growth in in vivo tissue engineering? |
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178 | (1) |
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7.4.1 Mechanical loading of existing tissues |
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178 | (1) |
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7.5 Conclusions: what can we learn from engineered growth? |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (6) |
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182 | (3) |
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8 Bioreactors and All That Bio-Engineering Jazz |
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185 | |
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8.1 What are `tissue bioreactors' and why do we need them? |
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186 | (4) |
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8.1.1 Rumblings of unease in the smaller communities |
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186 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Hunting for special cells or special cues |
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187 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Farming -- culture or engineered fabrication |
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188 | (2) |
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8.2 Bioreactors: origins of tissue bioreactor logic, and its problems |
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190 | (9) |
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8.2.1 What have tissue engineers ever done for bioreactor technology? |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Fundamental difference between biochemical and tissue bioreactors: 3D solid material fabrication |
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193 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Why should a little thing like `matrix' change so much? |
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194 | (1) |
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8.2.5 The place of tissue bioreactors in tissue engineering logic: what happened to all the good analogies? |
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195 | (4) |
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8.3 Current strategies for tissue bioreactor process control: views of Christmas past and present |
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199 | |
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8.3.1 Bioreactor enabling factors |
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200 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Cell and architecture control |
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203 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta