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E-raamat: Eye in Clinical Practice

  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Science Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470759875
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Science Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470759875
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For doctors with little or no specialized eye training beyond very basic anatomy and physiology, Frith and her colleagues at The Eye Hospital in Oxford, Sally MacLennan and Phillip Ambler, along with Roger Gray, with the National Health Service Trust, offer information by which to decide whether they can cope with an eye problem themselves, what risks there might be in doing so, and when and how urgently to refer to a specialist opinion. They take a practical approach, explaining how to elucidate symptoms and signs using instruments no more sophisticated than a vision-testing chart and an ophthalmoscope, though they also include information obtainable with a slit-lamp. Their glossary does not indicate pronunciation. The first edition appeared in 1994. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The new edition of this highly successful book provides a concise and practical guide to eye disease for the non-specialist, avoiding jargon and giving clear guidance on the practical management of common eye complaints.

Containing fully updated chapters, it provides the GP and optometrist with everything they need to know to enable them to deal with eye problems in primary care. The early sections describe the scope and limitations of eye care in general practice, including training, equipment and tests for ophthalmic disorders. The bulk of the text is confined to common symptoms of eye disease with particular emphasis on differential diagnosis. Later chapters describe systemic disorders with eye problems, eye trauma, surgery of the eye and the screening of asymptomatic patients. Appendices cover a formulary of ophthalmic practice, a list of suppliers, patient information, and a glossary of terms.

A conversational style is used and patients' frequently asked questions are included. Advice is given on the use of basic equipment, on when to treat simple problems, and when to refer more complex ones. This book is well illustrated with full color photographs.

Arvustused

"...easily readable and an excellent introduction to clinical practice" -British Journal of Optometry"I would recommend it highly" -British Journal of General Practice"This text is a winner..." -American Journal of Ophthalmology

Preface ix
Introduction
1(5)
Primary eye care in general practice
1(1)
Secondary care by other eye professionals
2(1)
Referral letter and GOS 2 form
3(1)
Training
3(1)
Basic equipment
3(1)
Some old wives' tales in ophthalmology
3(3)
A practical approach to the eye and visual problems
6(16)
Equipment
6(1)
Magnifying aids
6(1)
Slit-lamp examination
6(1)
Abnormal eye appearance
6(5)
Anaesthetic drops to examine a painful eye
7(1)
Fluorescein staining the cornea
8(1)
Upper eyelid eversion
9(1)
The red painful eye
9(2)
Schirmer testing for dryness
11(1)
Cover test for the squinting eye
11(1)
Problems with seeing clearly
11(4)
Testing visual acuity
11(2)
Poor focusing and the pin hole test
13(1)
Opacities in the eye media
13(1)
Testing central vision
14(1)
The fovea (sometimes referred to as the macula)
14(1)
Ophthalmoscopy
15(3)
Drops to dilate the pupil
15(1)
The ophthalmoscope
15(3)
Neurological problems
18(2)
Testing visual fields
18(1)
Input pupillary imbalance
19(1)
Summary
20(1)
Short guide to urgency of referral
20(2)
Disturbance of vision
22(27)
Blurring of vision
22(1)
Opacities within the eye
22(1)
Focusing problems
22(1)
Macular problems
23(1)
Other causes
23(1)
Difficulty in reading
23(2)
Focusing difficulty
23(1)
Other disorders of the lens
24(1)
Problems with the retina
24(1)
Problems with the brain
24(1)
Problems with learning to read
24(1)
Sudden loss of vision
25(10)
Symptoms that may help define the cause
25(1)
Examination in sudden visual loss
25(1)
Retinal vein occlusion
26(1)
Retinal artery occlusion
27(2)
Giant cell (temporal or cranial) arteritis
29(2)
Optic neuritis
31(1)
Retinal detachment
32(1)
Acute glaucoma
33(2)
Vitreous haemorrhage
35(1)
Transient loss of vision
35(1)
Floaters
36(2)
Vitreous shrinkage
37(1)
Vitreous haemorrhage
37(1)
Uveitis
38(1)
Flashing lights
38(1)
Pulling on the retina
38(1)
Migraine
38(1)
Double vision
39(2)
Pattern of doubleness
39(1)
Associated symptoms
40(1)
Monocular diplopia
41(1)
Squint without diplopia
41(1)
Sensation of visual movement
41(1)
Haloes
42(1)
Glare
43(1)
Distortion
43(2)
Central serous retinopathy
44(1)
Age-related macular disease
45(1)
Other causes of distortion
45(1)
Night blindness
45(1)
Disturbance of colour vision
46(1)
Bogus visual symptoms
46(3)
Pain and discomfort
49(8)
Pain with an eye cause
49(2)
Foreign body sensation with pain
49(1)
Recurrent corneal erosion
50(1)
Arc eye (welder's keratitis)
50(1)
Pain without an eye cause
51(3)
Cranial (temporal) arteritis
52(1)
Sinusitis
52(1)
Migraine
52(1)
Trigeminal neuralgia
53(1)
Atypical facial pain
53(1)
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
53(1)
Intracranial aneurysm
53(1)
Depression
53(1)
Discomfort of the eyes
54(3)
Dry eyes
54(1)
Blepharitis
54(1)
Other lid and lash problems
54(1)
Photophobia
54(1)
Watering
55(1)
Itching
56(1)
Abnormal eye appearances
57(54)
The red eye
57(27)
Relevant features in the history
57(1)
Accompanying symptoms (and their likely relevance)
57(1)
Examination
57(3)
Conjunctivitis
60(12)
Episcleritis
72(1)
Scleritis
72(1)
Corneal inflammation and ulceration
73(6)
Iritis
79(2)
Acute glaucoma
81(2)
Miscellaneous causes of red eyes
83(1)
Blepharitis
84(4)
Associated features and complications
84(4)
The sticky eye
88(1)
Abnormal corneal appearances
88(4)
Arcus
88(1)
Pterygium
89(1)
Band keratopathy and other corneal deposits
90(1)
Scarring
90(1)
Corneal ulcers
90(1)
Iritis
91(1)
Hyphaema
91(1)
Corneal oedema
91(1)
Corneal dystrophy
92(1)
Lumps around the eye
92(4)
Benign lid lumps
92(2)
Malignant lid tumours
94(1)
Lacrimal gland and sac tumours
95(1)
Swelling around the eye
96(4)
Acute swelling around the eye
96(3)
Chronic swelling around the eye
99(1)
Proptosis
100(1)
Abnormal eyelid position
101(2)
Ptosis
101(1)
Retraction
102(1)
Nystagmus
103(1)
Abnormalities of the pupil
104(2)
Equal pupils with an unequal response to light
104(1)
The large pupil
104(1)
The small pupil
105(1)
The white pupil
105(1)
Squint
106(1)
Abnormal retinal appearances
106(5)
Retinal haemorrhages
106(1)
Pale lesions
107(3)
Pigmented areas
110(1)
Problems with focus, spectacles and contact lenses
111(10)
Error of refraction and its measurement
111(1)
Refraction
111(1)
Accommodation
111(1)
Dioptres
111(1)
Types of focusing problem
111(3)
Presbyopia, or getting older
111(2)
Myopia, or short-sightedness
113(1)
Hypermetropia, or long-sightedness
113(1)
Astigmatism
113(1)
The pin hole occluder
113(1)
Prisms
114(1)
Testing for errors of refraction
114(1)
How to assess spectacle lenses
114(1)
Professionals qualified in eye care
114(1)
Optometrist
114(1)
Dispensing optician
115(1)
Ophthalmic medical practitioner
115(1)
Spectacles
115(3)
Types of spectacle
117(1)
The spectacle frames
118(1)
Intolerance of spectacles
118(1)
Contact lenses
118(2)
Extended wear contact lenses
119(1)
Disposable contact lenses
119(1)
Supervision
120(1)
Lens stuck in the eye
120(1)
Overwear symptoms
120(1)
Criteria for the provision of contact lenses on the NHS
120(1)
Surgery for errors of refraction
120(1)
Five common eye disorders
121(12)
Cataract
121(1)
Glaucoma
122(3)
Treatment of chronic glaucoma
122(3)
Surgery in glaucoma
125(1)
Prognosis
125(1)
Age-related macular degeneration
125(1)
Squint
126(1)
Diabetic eye disease
127(6)
Change in focus
127(1)
Retinopathy
127(5)
Cataract
132(1)
Glaucoma
132(1)
Neurological disorders
132(1)
The eye in systemic disorders
133(12)
Thyroid eye disease
133(1)
Ophthalmic problems in neurological disorders
133(3)
Multiple sclerosis
133(1)
Stroke
134(1)
Intracranial tumours
134(1)
Benign intracranial hypertension
135(1)
Facial palsy
136(1)
Eye problems in joint disorders
136(2)
Rheumatoid arthritis
136(1)
Ankylosing spondylitis
137(1)
Reiter's syndrome
137(1)
Sarcoidosis
137(1)
Sjogren's syndrome (sicca syndrome)
137(1)
Juvenile arthritis
137(1)
Eye problems in skin disorders
138(3)
Allergic reactions
138(1)
Seborrhoeic eczema
138(1)
Rosacea
138(1)
Psoriasis
138(1)
Blistering disorders
139(1)
Alopecia
139(1)
Infections of the skin involving the eyes
139(1)
Inherited disorders of the skin with eye features
140(1)
Skin and eye in systemic disorders
140(1)
Ocular side-effects of skin therapies
140(1)
Eye problems in sexually transmitted disorders
141(1)
Ophthalmic problems in vascular disorders
141(4)
Hypertension
141(1)
Diabetes
142(1)
Hyperlipidaemia
143(1)
Haematological disorders
143(1)
Vasculitis
144(1)
Ischaemic optic nerve disease
144(1)
Retinal vascular occlusions
144(1)
Screening asymptomatic patients
145(17)
Diabetic eye screening
145(7)
Why screen?
145(1)
How to screen
145(2)
Ophthalmoscopic findings
147(4)
A practical screening programme
151(1)
Other factors in diabetic eye care
152(1)
Glaucoma screening
152(3)
What is glaucoma?
152(1)
Screening
153(1)
Screening programmes
154(1)
Screening children
155(4)
Why screen?
155(1)
When to screen?
155(1)
How to screen
155(3)
Sharing with other professionals
158(1)
Why bother to screen all children?
159(1)
Screening for genetic abnormalities
159(1)
Screening for drug toxicity
160(2)
Corticosteroids
160(1)
Antimalarials
160(1)
Ethambutol
160(1)
Other drugs
161(1)
Trauma
162(9)
Importance of the clinical history
162(2)
Risk of foreign body within the eye
162(1)
Risk of significant blunt trauma
162(1)
Risk of penetrating eye injury
162(1)
Risk of chemical injury
162(2)
Warning signs in eye trauma
164(3)
Foreign body sensation
164(1)
Black eye
164(1)
Hyphaema
164(1)
Dilated pupil
164(1)
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
165(1)
Crackling of the skin
165(1)
Vitreous haemorrhage
165(1)
Retinal oedema
165(1)
Double vision
166(1)
Is the eyeball intact?
166(1)
Lid lacerations
167(1)
Loss of vision---summarizing the causes
167(1)
Management plan for the injured eye
167(4)
Subtarsal foreign body
167(1)
Lost contact lens
167(1)
Corneal abrasion
167(1)
Corneal foreign body
168(1)
Black eyes and other blunt injuries
168(1)
Double vision
168(1)
Internal blood
169(1)
The damaged eye that appears to be perforated
169(1)
Chemical injuries
170(1)
Superglue
170(1)
Eye surgery
171(20)
Cataract surgery
171(4)
Day-case cataract surgery
171(1)
Local anaesthesia for cataract surgery
171(1)
The operation
172(1)
Postoperative care
172(2)
Complications
174(1)
Glaucoma surgery
175(1)
Chronic `simple' glaucoma
175(1)
Acute (angle closure) glaucoma
175(1)
Retinal detachment surgery
176(3)
Timing of surgery
176(1)
The operation
176(2)
Postoperative care
178(1)
Complications
178(1)
Squint surgery
179(1)
The operation
180(1)
Corneal graft surgery
180(2)
Corneal refractive procedures
182(1)
Removal of an eye (enucleation)
182(1)
Postoperative eye drops
183(1)
Minor surgery around the eyes
184(7)
Ingrowing eyelashes (trichiasis)
184(1)
Syringering the tear ducts
184(2)
Removal of a meibomian cyst (chalazion)
186(1)
Retropunctal cauterization
186(2)
`Three snip' operation
188(1)
Tarsorrhaphy
189(1)
Entropion
190(1)
Ectropion
190(1)
Conjunctival cysts
190(1)
Pterygium
190(1)
Management of visual handicap
191(6)
Loss of central vision
191(1)
Loss of visual field alone
191(1)
Loss of both acuity and field
192(1)
Other visual handicaps
192(1)
Colour vision defects
192(1)
Night blindness
192(1)
Loss of vision in one eye
192(1)
Low vision aids
192(1)
Registration as blind or partially sighted
193(1)
Requirements for blind registration
194(1)
Requirements for partially sighted registration
194(1)
Benefits and concessions for registered blind and partially sighted people
194(1)
Voluntary help
194(1)
Visual handicap in children
195(1)
Requirements for driving
195(1)
Ordinary driving licences
195(1)
Professional and vocational driving licences
196(1)
Occupational requirements
196(1)
Appendix 1: Formulary for eye care in general practice 197(8)
Formulations and application
197(3)
Patient information leaflets
197(1)
Drops
197(1)
Ointments
197(2)
Lotions
199(1)
Other formulations
199(1)
Medication in contact lens wearers
199(1)
Preservatives and minims
200(1)
Side-effects
200(1)
Allergic reactions to eye medication
200(1)
Systemic effects of absorbed eye medication
200(1)
Anti-infective preparations
200(1)
Topical antibiotics
200(1)
Systemic antibiotics
201(1)
Tetanus vaccination
201(1)
Antiviral agents
201(1)
Anti-inflammatory preparations
201(1)
Corticosteroids
201(1)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparations
202(1)
Anti-allergic preparations
202(1)
Antihistamines
202(1)
Sodium cromoglycate
202(1)
Medications for the dry eye
203(1)
Hypromellose
203(1)
Polyvinyl alcohol
203(1)
Acetylcysteine
203(1)
Simple eye ointment
203(1)
Drugs acting on the pupil
203(1)
Tropicamide 1%
203(1)
Cyclopentolate 1%
203(1)
Atropine 1%
203(1)
Phenylephrine 10%
203(1)
Pilocarpine
203(1)
Diagnostic agents
203(1)
Fluorescein
203(1)
Topical anaesthetics
203(1)
Drugs to control intraocular pressure
204(1)
Appendix 2: List of suppliers and charities 205(1)
Appendix 3: Patient information sheet: applying a pad 206(1)
Appendix 4: Patient information sheet: blepharitis 207(1)
Glossary of terms used in ophthalmology 208(3)
Index 211