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E-raamat: Feature Engineering and Selection: A Practical Approach for Predictive Models

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The process of developing predictive models includes many stages. Most resources focus on the modeling algorithms but neglect other critical aspects of the modeling process. This book describes techniques for finding the best representations of predictors for modeling and for nding the best subset of predictors for improving model performance. A variety of example data sets are used to illustrate the techniques along with R programs for reproducing the results.

Arvustused

"The book is timely and needed. The interest in all things 'data science' morphed into everybody pretending to do, or know, Machine Learning. Kuhn and Johnson happen to actually know thisas evidenced by their earlier and still-popular tome entitled Applied Predictive Modeling. The proposed Feature Engineering and Selection builds on this and extends it. I expect it to become as popular with a wide reach as both a textbook, self-study material, and reference." ~Dirk Eddelbuettel, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

"As a reviewer, it has been exciting and edifying to see this book develop into what is likely to become one of the foundational works on feature engineering. It is launching propitiously on the current tide of interest in both interpretable models and AutoML." ~Robert Horton, Microsoft

"In recent years, the statistics literature has featured new developments in modeling and predictive analytics. Approaches such as cross-validation and statistical/machine learning techniques have become widespread. The author's previous book ("Applied Predictive Modeling", APM) provided a wide-ranging introduction and integration of these methods and suggested a workflow in R to carry out exploratory and confirmation analyses. With this project, the authors have identified an important and interesting component of these methods that describes building better models by focusing on the predictors (feature engineering)The authors focus on the variables that go into the model (and how they are represented) and argue that such issues are as important (or more important) than the particular methods that are applied to an analysis...The proposed book is likely to serve as a textbook (for a number of undergraduate and graduate courses in a variety of disciplines) and reference (for a large number of statisticians seeking principled and well-organized modeling)." ~Nicholas Horton, Amherst College

"I think this book is great and a joy to readI like the pragmatic and practical approach taken in the book, and the examples given are very illustrative. The emphasis on how and when to use resampling is refreshing and something that the community needs to hear more." ~Andreas C. Muller, Columbia University "The book is timely and needed. The interest in all things 'data science' morphed into everybody pretending to do, or know, Machine Learning. Kuhn and Johnson happen to actually know thisas evidenced by their earlier and still-popular tome entitled Applied Predictive Modeling. The proposed Feature Engineering and Selection builds on this and extends it. I expect it to become as popular with a wide reach as both a textbook, self-study material, and reference." ~Dirk Eddelbuettel, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

"As a reviewer, it has been exciting and edifying to see this book develop into what is likely to become one of the foundational works on feature engineering. It is launching propitiously on the current tide of interest in both interpretable models and AutoML." ~Robert Horton, Microsoft

"In recent years, the statistics literature has featured new developments in modeling and predictive analytics. Approaches such as cross-validation and statistical/machine learning techniques have become widespread. The author's previous book ("Applied Predictive Modeling", APM) provided a wide-ranging introduction and integration of these methods and suggested a workflow in R to carry out exploratory and confirmation analyses. With this project, the authors have identified an important and interesting component of these methods that describes building better models by focusing on the predictors (feature engineering)The authors focus on the variables that go into the model (and how they are represented) and argue that such issues are as important (or more important) than the particular methods that are applied to an analysis...The proposed book is likely to serve as a textbook (for a number of undergraduate and graduate courses in a variety of disciplines) and reference (for a large number of statisticians seeking principled and well-organized modeling)." ~Nicholas Horton, Amherst College

"I think this book is great and a joy to readI like the pragmatic and practical approach taken in the book, and the examples given are very illustrative. The emphasis on how and when to use resampling is refreshing and something that the community needs to hear more." ~Andreas C. Muller, Columbia University

Preface xi
Author Bios xv
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 A Simple Example
4(3)
1.2 Important Concepts
7(8)
1.3 A More Complex Example
15(2)
1.4 Feature Selection
17(1)
1.5 An Outline of the Book
18(2)
1.6 Computing
20(1)
2 Illustrative Example: Predicting Risk of Ischemic Stroke
21(14)
2.1 Splitting
23(1)
2.2 Preprocessing
23(3)
2.3 Exploration
26(4)
2.4 Predictive Modeling across Sets
30(4)
2.5 Other Considerations
34(1)
2.6 Computing
34(1)
3 A Review of the Predictive Modeling Process
35(30)
3.1 Illustrative Example: OkCupid Profile Data
35(1)
3.2 Measuring Performance
36(10)
3.3 Data Splitting
46(1)
3.4 Resampling
47(9)
3.5 Tuning Parameters and Overfitting
56(1)
3.6 Model Optimization and Tuning
57(4)
3.7 Comparing Models Using the Training Set
61(1)
3.8 Feature Engineering without Overfitting
62(2)
3.9 Summary
64(1)
3.10 Computing
64(1)
4 Exploratory Visualizations
65(28)
4.1 Introduction to the Chicago Train Ridership Data
66(3)
4.2 Visualizations for Numeric Data: Exploring Train Ridership Data
69(14)
4.3 Visualizations for Categorical Data: Exploring the OkCupid Data
83(5)
4.4 Postmodeling Exploratory Visualizations
88(4)
4.5 Summary
92(1)
4.6 Computing
92(1)
5 Encoding Categorical Predictors
93(28)
5.1 Creating Dummy Variables for Unordered Categories
94(2)
5.2 Encoding Predictors with Many Categories
96(6)
5.3 Approaches for Novel Categories
102(1)
5.4 Supervised Encoding Methods
102(5)
5.5 Encodings for Ordered Data
107(2)
5.6 Creating Features from Text Data
109(5)
5.7 Factors versus Dummy Variables in Tree-Based Models
114(5)
5.8 Summary
119(1)
5.9 Computing
120(1)
6 Engineering Numeric Predictors
121(36)
6.1 1:1 Transformations
122(4)
6.2 l:Many Transformations
126(7)
6.3 Many: Many Transformations
133(21)
6.4 Summary
154(1)
6.5 Computing
155(2)
7 Detecting Interaction Effects
157(30)
7.1 Guiding Principles in the Search for Interactions
161(3)
7.2 Practical Considerations
164(1)
7.3 The Brute-Force Approach to Identifying Predictive Interactions
165(7)
7.4 Approaches when Complete Enumeration Is Practically Impossible
172(12)
7.5 Other Potentially Useful Tools
184(1)
7.6 Summary
185(1)
7.7 Computing
186(1)
8 Handling Missing Data
187(18)
8.1 Understanding the Nature and Severity of Missing Information
189(6)
8.2 Models that Are Resistant to Missing Values
195(1)
8.3 Deletion of Data
196(1)
8.4 Encoding Missingness
197(1)
8.5 Imputation Methods
198(5)
8.6 Special Cases
203(1)
8.7 Summary
203(1)
8.8 Computing
204(1)
9 Working with Profile Data
205(22)
9.1 Illustrative Data: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Monitoring
209(1)
9.2 What Are the Experimental Unit and the Unit of Prediction?
210(4)
9.3 Reducing Background
214(1)
9.4 Reducing Other Noise
215(2)
9.5 Exploiting Correlation
217(2)
9.6 Impacts of Data Processing on Modeling
219(5)
9.7 Summary
224(1)
9.8 Computing
225(2)
10 Feature Selection Overview
227(14)
10.1 Goals of Feature Selection
227(1)
10.2 Classes of Feature Selection Methodologies
228(4)
10.3 Effect of Irrelevant Features
232(3)
10.4 Overfitting to Predictors and External Validation
235(3)
10.5 A Case Study
238(2)
10.6 Next Steps
240(1)
10.7 Computing
240(1)
11 Greedy Search Methods
241(16)
11.1 Illustrative Data: Predicting Parkinson's Disease
241(1)
11.2 Simple Filters
241(7)
11.3 Recursive Feature Elimination
248(4)
11.4 Stepwise Selection
252(2)
11.5 Summary
254(1)
11.6 Computing
255(2)
12 Global Search Methods
257(26)
12.1 Naive Bayes Models
257(3)
12.2 Simulated Annealing
260(10)
12.3 Genetic Algorithms
270(10)
12.4 Test Set Results
280(1)
12.5 Summary
281(1)
12.6 Computing
282(1)
Bibliography 283(12)
Index 295
Max Kuhn, Ph.D., is a software engineer at RStudio. He worked in 18 years in drug discovery and medical diagnostics applying predictive models to real data. He has authored numerous R packages for predictive modeling and machine learning.

Kjell Johnson, Ph.D., is the owner and founder of Stat Tenacity, a firm that provides statistical and predictive modeling consulting services. He has taught short courses on predictive modeling for the American Society for Quality, American Chemical Society, International Biometric Society, and for many corporations.

Kuhn and Johnson have also authored Applied Predictive Modeling, which is a comprehensive, practical guide to the process of building a predictive model. The text won the 2014 Technometrics Ziegel Prize for Outstanding Book.