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E-raamat: Fingerprint Development Techniques: Theory and Application

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A comprehensive review of the latest fingerprint development and imaging techniques

With contributions from leading experts in the field, Fingerprint Development Techniques offers a comprehensive review of the key techniques used in the development and imaging of fingerprints. It includes a review of the properties of fingerprints, the surfaces that fingerprints are deposited on, and the interactions that can occur between fingerprints, surfaces and environments. Comprehensive in scope, the text explores the history of each process, the theory behind the way fingerprints are either developed or imaged, and information about the role of each of the chemical constituents in recommended formulations. 

The authors explain the methodology employed for carrying out comparisons of effectiveness of various development techniques that clearly demonstrate how to select the most effective approaches. The text also explores how techniques can be used in sequence and with techniques for recovering other forms of forensic evidence. In addition, the book offers a guide for the selection of fingerprint development techniques and includes information on the influence of surface contamination and exposure conditions.

This important resource:

  • Provides clear methodologies for conducting comparisons of fingerprint development technique effectiveness
  • Contains in-depth assessment of fingerprint constituents and how they are utilized by development and imaging processes
  • Includes background information on fingerprint chemistry
  • Offers a comprehensive history, the theory, and the applications for a broader range of processes, including the roles of each constituent in reagent formulations

Fingerprint Development Techniques offers a comprehensive guide to fingerprint development and imaging, building on much of the previously unpublished research of the Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology.

Series Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction
1(10)
Stephen M. Bleay
Marcel de Puit
References
10(1)
2 Formation of fingermarks
11(24)
Stephen M. Bleay
Marcel de Puit
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Initial contact
12(1)
2.3 Interaction outcomes
13(4)
2.4 The finger
17(7)
2.5 The surface
24(6)
2.6 Removal of the finger from the surface
30(2)
2.7 Summary of the initial contact
32(3)
References
33(2)
3 Composition and properties of fingermarks
35(34)
Ruth S. Croxton
Stephen M. Bleay
Marcel de Puit
3.1 Chemical composition of fingermarks
35(20)
3.2 Biological properties of fingermarks
55(2)
3.3 Physical properties of fingermarks
57(12)
References
62(7)
4 Ageing of fingermarks
69(30)
Stephen M. Bleay
Marcel de Puit
4.1 The `triangle of interaction'
69(1)
4.2 The fingermark
70(1)
4.3 The surface
70(8)
4.4 The environment
78(3)
4.5 Interactions
81(13)
4.6 Time
94(5)
References
96(3)
5 Initial examination and the selection of fingermark enhancement processes
99(12)
Stephen M. Bleay
5.1 Introduction
99(1)
5.2 Processing options
100(3)
5.3 Process selection
103(2)
5.4 The processing environment
105(6)
References
109(2)
6 Optical detection and enhancement techniques
111(44)
Stephen M. Bleay
6.1 Introduction
111(5)
6.2 Current operational use
116(1)
6.3 Visual examination
117(8)
6.4 Fluorescence examination
125(13)
6.5 Ultraviolet reflection
138(3)
6.6 Infrared reflection
141(3)
6.7 Colour filtration and monochromatic illumination
144(5)
6.8 Multispectral imaging
149(6)
References
151(2)
Further reading
153(2)
7 Vapour phase techniques
155(44)
Stephen M. Bleay
Marcel de Puit
7.1 Introduction
155(1)
7.2 Current operational use
156(2)
7.3 Superglue/cyanoacrylate fuming
158(14)
7.4 Vacuum metal deposition
172(9)
7.5 Iodine fuming
181(4)
7.6 Radioactive sulphur dioxide
185(4)
7.7 Other fuming techniques
189(10)
References
193(3)
Further reading
196(3)
8 Solid phase selective deposition techniques
199(22)
Stephen M. Bleay
8.1 Introduction
199(1)
8.2 Current operational use
200(1)
8.3 Powders
201(12)
8.4 ESDA
213(3)
8.5 Nanoparticle powders
216(5)
References
219(2)
9 Amino acid reagents
221(54)
Stephen M. Bleay
9.1 Introduction
221(2)
9.2 Current operational use
223(1)
9.3 Ninhydrin
224(7)
9.4 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one
231(6)
9.5 1,2-Indandione
237(5)
9.6 Ninhydrin analogues
242(4)
9.7 Fluorescamine
246(4)
9.8 o-Phthalaldehyde
250(2)
9.9 Genipin
252(4)
9.10 Lawsone
256(3)
9.11 Alloxan
259(1)
9.12 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofuran chloride
260(2)
9.13 Dansyl chloride
262(1)
9.14 Dimethylaminocinnemaldehyde and dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
263(12)
References
268(4)
Further reading
272(3)
10 Reagents for other eccrine constituents
275(8)
Stephen M. Bleay
10.1 Introduction
275(1)
10.2 Current operational use
276(1)
10.3 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde
277(2)
10.4 Silver nitrate
279(4)
References
281(1)
Further reading
282(1)
11 Lipid reagents
283(38)
Stephen M. Bleay
11.1 Introduction
283(2)
11.2 Current operational use
285(1)
11.3 Solvent Black 3 (Sudan Black)
286(4)
11.4 Basic Violet 3 (Gentian Violet, Crystal Violet)
290(5)
11.5 Oil Red O (Solvent Red 27)
295(2)
11.6 Iodine solution
297(2)
11.7 Ruthenium tetroxide
299(2)
11.8 Osmium tetroxide
301(1)
11.9 Europium chelate
302(3)
11.10 Natural Yellow 3 (curcumin)
305(3)
11.11 Nile Red and Nile Blue A
308(3)
11.12 Basic Violet 2
311(2)
11.13 Rubeanic acid--copper acetate
313(2)
11.14 Phosphomolybdic acid
315(6)
References
317(3)
Further reading
320(1)
12 Liquid phase selective deposition techniques
321(36)
Stephen M. Bleay
12.1 Introduction
321(2)
12.2 Current operational use
323(3)
12.3 Small particle reagent
326(4)
12.4 Powder suspensions
330(6)
12.5 Physical developer
336(9)
12.6 Multi-metal deposition
345(12)
References
352(3)
Further reading
355(2)
13 Enhancement processes for marks in blood
357(26)
Stephen M. Bleay
13.1 Introduction
357(4)
13.2 Current operational use
361(2)
13.3 Protein stains
363(6)
13.4 Peroxidase reagents
369(14)
References
380(1)
Further reading
381(2)
14 Electrical and electrochemical processes
383(18)
Stephen M. Bleay
14.1 Introduction
383(2)
14.2 Current operational use
385(1)
14.3 Etching
386(2)
14.4 Corrosion visualisation
388(4)
14.5 Electrodeposition
392(9)
References
397(2)
Further reading
399(2)
15 Miscellaneous processes: lifting and specialist imaging
401(20)
Stephen M. Bleay
15.1 Introduction
401(2)
15.2 Current operational use
403(1)
15.3 Lifting
404(3)
15.4 Scanning electron microscopy
407(3)
15.5 X-ray fluorescence (and X-ray imaging)
410(3)
15.6 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS)
413(1)
15.7 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS)
414(1)
15.8 Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
415(6)
References
417(2)
Further reading
419(2)
16 Evaluation and comparison of fingermark enhancement processes
421(22)
Stephen M. Bleay
16.1 Introduction
421(2)
16.2 Technology Readiness Level 3: Proof of concept
423(2)
16.3 Technology Readiness Level 4: Process optimisation
425(2)
16.4 Technology Readiness Level 5: Laboratory trials
427(10)
16.5 Technology Readiness Level 6: Pseudo-operational trials
437(2)
16.6 Technology Readiness Level 7: Operational trials
439(1)
16.7 Technology Readiness Level 8: Standard operating procedures
439(1)
16.8 Technology Readiness Level 9: Ongoing monitoring
440(3)
References
440(3)
17 Sequential processing and impact on other forensic evidence
443(26)
Stephen M. Bleay
Marcel de Puit
17.1 Sequential processing of fingermarks
443(6)
17.2 Test methodologies for developing processing sequences
449(4)
17.3 Integrated sequential forensic processing
453(16)
References
466(3)
18 Interpreting the results of fingermark enhancement
469(20)
Stephen M. Bleay
18.1 Introduction
469(2)
18.2 Location of the mark
471(2)
18.3 Type of substrate
473(5)
18.4 Constituents of the mark
478(2)
18.5 Enhancement process
480(2)
18.6 The environment
482(1)
18.7 Image processing
483(1)
18.8 Image capture
484(5)
References
487(2)
Index 489
Stephen M. Bleay, PhD, Senior Technical Specialist, Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology. Stephen has worked at the Home Office since 2003, his work focusing on processes for the visualisation and imaging of fingermarks. He is one of the principal authors of the Home Office Fingermark Visualisation Manual and has contributed to over 40 peer-reviewed articles on fingerprints and related forensic science subjects.

Ruth S. Croxton, PhD, Principal Lecturer, University of Lincoln. Ruth has worked at the University of Lincoln since 2002 and is programme leader for the BSc (Hons) Forensic Science degree. Her main research areas are latent fingermark composition and the development of new methods to study them, contributing to a number of peer-reviewed articles in this area.

Marcel de Puit, PhD, Senior Scientist, Netherlands Forensic Institute and Associate Professor, Delft University of Technology. Marcel started as a forensic scientist at the NFI in 2007. His main interest is the analysis of fingerprints with the purpose of providing information in other forensic disciplines. He has published over 20 scientific articles on fingerprints and related matter.
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