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E-raamat: Finnish: An Essential Grammar

(University of Helsinki, Finland)
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This thoroughly revised third edition of Finnish: An Essential Grammar is grounded in fundamental insights of modern linguistics and incorporates some of the latest achievements in the description of written and spoken Finnish.

It gives a systematic account of the structures of the written language and offers increased attention to the key characteristics of present-day colloquial Finnish. No prior knowledge is assumed on the part of the reader and grammatical rules are clearly explained without jargon.

Features of this new edition include:

pronunciation guide, including the tendencies in present-day colloquial Finnish

thorough descriptions of morphology (word structure) and syntax (sentence structure)

clear rules and an abundance of concrete examples, from both written and colloquial Finnish

updated vocabulary in the examples

an effective new scheme for detecting the morphological structure of any word form

subject index.

This is the ideal reference source both for those studying Finnish independently and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.
Preface x
Abbreviations xii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(7)
1.1 The relation of Finnish to other languages
1(1)
1.2 The basic characteristics of Finnish
2(2)
1.3 What are the special difficulties?
4(4)
Chapter 2 Pronunciation and sound structure 8(11)
2.1 Letters and sounds
8(1)
2.2 Vowels and consonants
9(3)
2.3 Short and long sounds
12(1)
2.4 Diphthongs
13(1)
2.5 Syllables
14(1)
2.6 Stress and intonation
15(1)
2.7 Vowel harmony
16(3)
Chapter 3 Word structure 19(11)
3.1 Nominals and their endings
19(4)
3.2 Finite verb forms and their endings
23(4)
3.3 Non-finite verb forms and their endings
27(3)
Chapter 4 Two important sound alternations 30(15)
4.1 Consonant gradation (p, t, k)
30(10)
4.2 Vowel changes before i endings
40(5)
Chapter 5 The declension of nominals 45(15)
5.1 General
45(2)
5.2 Nominals with a basic form in short -i
47(3)
5.3 Nominals with a basic form in short -e
50(1)
5.4 Other nominals with vowel-final basic forms
51(1)
5.5 Nominals with a basic form ending in a consonant
52(4)
5.6 Singular and plural
56(4)
Chapter 6 The conjugation of verbs 60(10)
6.1 Infinitive endings
61(1)
6.2 Inflectional stems
62(4)
6.3 Present tense personal endings and agreement of person
66(4)
Chapter 7 Sentence structure 70(22)
7.1 Phrase types
70(6)
7.2 Simple clause types
76(6)
7.3 Negative sentences
82(2)
7.4 Questions and answers
84(4)
7.5 Types of complex sentences
88(4)
Chapter 8 The nominative case and the partitive case 92(20)
8.1 Formation and use of the nominative
92(4)
8.2 Formation of the partitive
96(5)
8.3 Use of the partitive
101(11)
Chapter 9 The genitive case, total objects and possessive endings 112(18)
9.1 Formation of the genitive
112(5)
9.2 Use of the genitive
117(2)
9.3 The total object
119(6)
9.4 Possessive endings
125(4)
9.5 Quantity adverbs taking an object case
129(1)
Chapter 10 The six local cases 130(18)
10.1 General
130(1)
10.2 Inessive
131(2)
10.3 Elative
133(2)
10.4 Illative
135(4)
10.5 Adessive
139(2)
10.6 Ablative
141(2)
10.7 Allative
143(2)
10.8 Directional verbs
145(1)
10.9 Place names
146(2)
Chapter 11 Other cases 148(7)
11.1 Essive
148(2)
11.2 Translative
150(3)
11.3 Abessive, comitative and instructive
153(2)
Chapter 12 Numbers and numerals 155(8)
12.1 Cardinal numbers
155(5)
12.2 Ordinal numbers
160(3)
Chapter 13 Pronouns 163(15)
13.1 Personal pronouns
163(2)
13.2 Demonstrative pronouns
165(2)
13.3 Interrogative pronouns
167(2)
13.4 Indefinite pronouns
169(5)
13.5 Relative pronouns
174(4)
Chapter 14 Tenses 178(12)
14.1 Present tense
178(1)
14.2 Past tense
179(3)
14.3 Perfect tense
182(2)
14.4 Pluperfect tense
184(1)
14.5 Negative forms
185(4)
14.6 Expressing future time
189(1)
Chapter 15 Moods 190(10)
15.1 Indicative
190(1)
15.2 Conditional
191(2)
15.3 Imperative
193(5)
15.4 Potential
198(2)
Chapter 16 The passive 200(12)
16.1 General
200(1)
16.2 Passive present
201(3)
16.3 Passive past
204(2)
16.4 Passive perfect and pluperfect
206(3)
16.5 Passive moods
209(3)
Chapter 17 Infinitives 212(14)
17.1 General
212(1)
17.2 A infinitive
213(2)
17.3 E infinitive
215(4)
17.4 MA infinitive
219(5)
17.5 MINEN infinitive
224(2)
Chapter 18 Participles 226(17)
18.1 General
226(1)
18.2 VA participle active
227(1)
18.3 VA participle passive
228(3)
18.4 The NUT participles
231(1)
18.5 The participial construction
232(6)
18.6 The temporal construction
238(2)
18.7 The agent construction
240(3)
Chapter 19 Comparison of adjectives 243(7)
19.1 Comparative
243(3)
19.2 Superlative
246(4)
Chapter 20 Other word classes and clitics 250(18)
20.1 Adverbs
250(4)
20.2 Prepositions
254(1)
20.3 Postpositions
255(5)
20.4 Conjunctions
260(3)
20.5 Discourse particles
263(1)
20.6 Clitics
264(4)
Chapter 21 Word formation 268(17)
21.1 General
268(2)
21.2 Derivation
270(12)
21.3 Compounding
282(3)
Chapter 22 The colloquial spoken language 285(10)
22.1 General
285(1)
22.2 Omission and assimilation of sounds
286(4)
22.3 Differences of form
290(5)
Appendix 1 Detecting word structure 295(27)
Appendix 2 Material for studying Finnish as a foreign language 322(3)
Index 325
Fred Karlsson is Professor Emeritus of General Linguistics at the University of Helsinki.