Preface |
|
x | |
Abbreviations |
|
xii | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
|
1 | (7) |
|
1.1 The relation of Finnish to other languages |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 The basic characteristics of Finnish |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
1.3 What are the special difficulties? |
|
|
4 | (4) |
Chapter 2 Pronunciation and sound structure |
|
8 | (11) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
2.2 Vowels and consonants |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
2.3 Short and long sounds |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
2.6 Stress and intonation |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (3) |
Chapter 3 Word structure |
|
19 | (11) |
|
3.1 Nominals and their endings |
|
|
19 | (4) |
|
3.2 Finite verb forms and their endings |
|
|
23 | (4) |
|
3.3 Non-finite verb forms and their endings |
|
|
27 | (3) |
Chapter 4 Two important sound alternations |
|
30 | (15) |
|
4.1 Consonant gradation (p, t, k) |
|
|
30 | (10) |
|
4.2 Vowel changes before i endings |
|
|
40 | (5) |
Chapter 5 The declension of nominals |
|
45 | (15) |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
5.2 Nominals with a basic form in short -i |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
5.3 Nominals with a basic form in short -e |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
5.4 Other nominals with vowel-final basic forms |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
5.5 Nominals with a basic form ending in a consonant |
|
|
52 | (4) |
|
|
56 | (4) |
Chapter 6 The conjugation of verbs |
|
60 | (10) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (4) |
|
6.3 Present tense personal endings and agreement of person |
|
|
66 | (4) |
Chapter 7 Sentence structure |
|
70 | (22) |
|
|
70 | (6) |
|
|
76 | (6) |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
7.4 Questions and answers |
|
|
84 | (4) |
|
7.5 Types of complex sentences |
|
|
88 | (4) |
Chapter 8 The nominative case and the partitive case |
|
92 | (20) |
|
8.1 Formation and use of the nominative |
|
|
92 | (4) |
|
8.2 Formation of the partitive |
|
|
96 | (5) |
|
|
101 | (11) |
Chapter 9 The genitive case, total objects and possessive endings |
|
112 | (18) |
|
9.1 Formation of the genitive |
|
|
112 | (5) |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
|
119 | (6) |
|
|
125 | (4) |
|
9.5 Quantity adverbs taking an object case |
|
|
129 | (1) |
Chapter 10 The six local cases |
|
130 | (18) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
|
135 | (4) |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (2) |
Chapter 11 Other cases |
|
148 | (7) |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
11.3 Abessive, comitative and instructive |
|
|
153 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Numbers and numerals |
|
155 | (8) |
|
|
155 | (5) |
|
|
160 | (3) |
Chapter 13 Pronouns |
|
163 | (15) |
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
13.2 Demonstrative pronouns |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
13.3 Interrogative pronouns |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
|
169 | (5) |
|
|
174 | (4) |
Chapter 14 Tenses |
|
178 | (12) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (4) |
|
14.6 Expressing future time |
|
|
189 | (1) |
Chapter 15 Moods |
|
190 | (10) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
|
193 | (5) |
|
|
198 | (2) |
Chapter 16 The passive |
|
200 | (12) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
16.4 Passive perfect and pluperfect |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
|
209 | (3) |
Chapter 17 Infinitives |
|
212 | (14) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
|
219 | (5) |
|
|
224 | (2) |
Chapter 18 Participles |
|
226 | (17) |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
18.2 VA participle active |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
18.3 VA participle passive |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
18.5 The participial construction |
|
|
232 | (6) |
|
18.6 The temporal construction |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
18.7 The agent construction |
|
|
240 | (3) |
Chapter 19 Comparison of adjectives |
|
243 | (7) |
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
|
246 | (4) |
Chapter 20 Other word classes and clitics |
|
250 | (18) |
|
|
250 | (4) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
255 | (5) |
|
|
260 | (3) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (4) |
Chapter 21 Word formation |
|
268 | (17) |
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
|
270 | (12) |
|
|
282 | (3) |
Chapter 22 The colloquial spoken language |
|
285 | (10) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
22.2 Omission and assimilation of sounds |
|
|
286 | (4) |
|
|
290 | (5) |
Appendix 1 Detecting word structure |
|
295 | (27) |
Appendix 2 Material for studying Finnish as a foreign language |
|
322 | (3) |
Index |
|
325 | |