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1 | (4) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (18) |
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One New York Plaza, New York, USA -- August 15, 1970 |
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6 | (6) |
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MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas, USA -- November 21, 1980 |
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12 | (1) |
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First Interstate Bank, Los Angeles, USA -- May 4, 1988 |
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13 | (1) |
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One Meridian Plaza, Philadelphia, USA -- February 23, 1991 |
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13 | (1) |
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World Trade Center Terrorist Attack, New York, USA -- February 26, 1993 |
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14 | (1) |
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World Trade Center Buildings 1 and 2 Terrorist Attack, New York, USA -- September 11, 2001 |
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14 | (1) |
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World Trade Center Building 7 (WTC 7) Terrorist Attack, New York, USA -- September 11, 2001 |
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15 | (1) |
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Cook County Administration Building, Chicago, USA -- October 17, 2003 |
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16 | (1) |
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Caracas Tower Fire, Caracas, Venezuela -- October 17, 2004 |
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16 | (1) |
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Windsor Tower, Madrid, Spain -- February 12, 2005 |
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17 | (1) |
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The Mandarin Oriental Hotel Fire, Beijing, China -- February 9, 2009 |
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17 | (1) |
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Shanghai Apartment Tower Fire, Shanghai, China -- November 15, 2010 |
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18 | (1) |
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Lacrosse Fire, Melbourne, Australia -- November 25, 2014 |
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19 | (1) |
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The Address Downtown Hotel Fire, Dubai, UAE -- December 31, 2015 |
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19 | (1) |
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Torch Tower Fire, Dubai, UAE -- February 21, 2015 and August 4, 2017 |
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20 | (1) |
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Grenfell Tower Fire, London, England -- June 14, 2017 |
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21 | (1) |
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Performance-Based Approach to Building Fire Safety |
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22 | (1) |
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3 Components of Performance-Based Design |
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23 | (4) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Qualifications for Engineers |
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26 | (1) |
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4 International Practices |
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27 | (8) |
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Key Considerations in International Design |
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28 | (3) |
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Extreme Events in International Very Tall Building Designs |
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31 | (4) |
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32 | (1) |
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Robust and Redundant Life Safety Systems |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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5 Unique Features of Very Tall Buildings |
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35 | (4) |
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Height Beyond Reach of Fire Department Ladders |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Greater Challenges of Mixed Occupancies |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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6 Special Features and Attractions |
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39 | (4) |
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Types of Special Features |
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39 | (2) |
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Observation Decks/Restaurants/Night Clubs/Pool Decks |
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39 | (1) |
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Amusement/Entertainment Thrill Features |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Special Life Safety Considerations |
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41 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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First Responders: Rescue and Recovery |
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42 | (1) |
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7 Hazard, Risk, and Decision Analysis in Very Tall Building Design |
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43 | (12) |
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44 | (3) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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Uses and Applications of Hazard, Risk, and Decision Analysis for Very Tall Buildings |
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50 | (1) |
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Fire Strategy Development |
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50 | (1) |
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Fire Safety Goals and Objectives |
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51 | (1) |
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Fire and Egress Scenario Development |
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52 | (1) |
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Fire Size and Structural Response |
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53 | (1) |
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Multi-hazard Extreme Event Analysis |
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53 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Possible Mitigation Measures |
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53 | (1) |
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Identification and Selection of Evacuation Strategies |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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8 Integration of Building Design and Systems |
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55 | (6) |
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Interrelationship of Operation of Systems |
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57 | (1) |
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Emergency Response and Control of Systems |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Fire Safety Goals and Objectives |
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58 | (2) |
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Integrating Evacuation Strategies |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (6) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Effective Information Delivery |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (36) |
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Design Considerations for Very Tall Buildings |
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70 | (6) |
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Fire Safety Goals and Objectives for Egress |
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70 | (1) |
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Evacuation Scenario Identification |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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Occupant Functional Limitations |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Understanding Evacuation Times |
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76 | (7) |
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Why a Timed Egress Analysis? |
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76 | (1) |
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Egress Plan and Timed Egress Analysis |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Timed Egress Analysis Tools |
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77 | (1) |
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Review of Evacuation Model Characteristics |
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78 | (5) |
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83 | (5) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Full/Total Building Evacuation |
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87 | (1) |
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Hybrid/Combined Strategies |
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87 | (1) |
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Design Features Affecting Evacuation Times |
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88 | (9) |
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88 | (4) |
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92 | (5) |
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Supplementary Escape Equipment |
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97 | (1) |
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Methods for Protecting Building Occupants in Place |
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97 | (3) |
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Evacuation of the Mobility Impaired |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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Impact of Emergency Responders |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (4) |
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Development of Egress Plan |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (30) |
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Performance Objectives for Fire Resistance of Very Tall Buildings |
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107 | (2) |
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Impact on Fire Resistance of Extended Time and Effort for Egress and Fire-Fighting Operations |
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109 | (3) |
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Methods to Determine Fire Resistance |
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112 | (9) |
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113 | (4) |
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Performance-Based Structural Fire Analysis |
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117 | (4) |
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Metrics for Performance-Based Structural Analysis |
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121 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Fire Scenarios to Consider in Fire Resistance Design |
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123 | (2) |
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Consideration of Cooling Phase |
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125 | (1) |
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High Challenge Fire Hazards |
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125 | (1) |
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Coupling of Gravity and Lateral Load-Resisting Systems |
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126 | (1) |
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Structural Systems for Reducing Drift and Other Lateral Accelerations |
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126 | (2) |
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Consideration for Timber: Combustibility |
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128 | (3) |
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Consideration for Concrete Spalling |
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131 | (1) |
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Consideration for Fire Protection Material: Robustness |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Post-earthquake Fire Risk |
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133 | (2) |
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13 Building Envelope/Enclosure |
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135 | (36) |
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Recent Fire Incidents and Lessons Learned |
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135 | (1) |
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Fire Safety Goals for New Construction |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (8) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Built-Up Walls with a Cavity |
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141 | (2) |
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Built-Up Walls Without a Cavity |
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143 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Fire Spread |
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145 | (5) |
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145 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Fire Spread After Initiating Event |
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146 | (4) |
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Building Enclosure Design Considerations |
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150 | (9) |
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Combustible Components of the Enclosure: Material Considerations |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Gaskets, Sealants, and Thermal Breaks |
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154 | (1) |
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Fire Barrier Systems at the Envelope-Floor Intersection |
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155 | (1) |
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Cavities in Facade Systems |
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155 | (1) |
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Double-Skinned Facade Considerations |
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156 | (1) |
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Vision Glass Considerations |
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156 | (1) |
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Geometry, Exterior Projections, and Windows |
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157 | (2) |
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Balconies and Building Exterior Appendages |
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159 | (2) |
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Use of Combustible Materials for Decorative Purposes |
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160 | (1) |
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Specialty Facade Systems: LED Display Screens, Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, and Vegetative Walls |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (7) |
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Reaction to Fire Tests of the Constituent Materials |
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162 | (1) |
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Fire Resistance Testing of Perimeter Fire Barriers With or Without Spandrels |
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162 | (1) |
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Fire Resistance Testing of Fire-Rated Facade Systems |
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163 | (1) |
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Large-Scale Fire Testing of the Facade System |
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164 | (3) |
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Fire Testing of the Roofing System |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (12) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (6) |
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174 | (6) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (12) |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (20) |
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Factors that Influence Smoke Control in Very Tall Buildings |
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196 | (5) |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (1) |
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Piston Effect of Elevators |
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200 | (1) |
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Building Environmental Control Systems (HVAC) |
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200 | (1) |
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Fire Safety Goals and Objectives for Smoke Control |
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201 | (1) |
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Sample Goals and Objectives |
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201 | (1) |
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Smoke Control Design Methods |
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202 | (2) |
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Passive Methods of or Approaches to Smoke Control |
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203 | (1) |
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Active Methods of or Approaches to Smoke Control |
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203 | (1) |
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Factors that Affect Analysis and Design of Smoke Control Systems |
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204 | (11) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (7) |
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17 First Responder Considerations |
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215 | (10) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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Coordination with Building Egress |
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221 | (4) |
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Fire Control/Command Center |
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221 | (4) |
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225 | (6) |
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Emergency and Standby Power |
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226 | (2) |
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Emergency Lighting and Exit Signage |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Stay- or Defend-in-Place Coordination |
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229 | (2) |
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19 Buildings Under Construction |
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231 | (8) |
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231 | (1) |
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Challenges in Buildings Under Construction |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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20 Building Life Cycle Management |
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239 | (4) |
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239 | (1) |
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Fire Wardens and Incident Management |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (4) |
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Commissioning Starts with the Design |
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243 | (2) |
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Commissioning and the Construction Phase |
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245 | (1) |
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Commissioning Prior to Occupancy |
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246 | (1) |
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22 Existing Building Considerations |
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247 | (6) |
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Renovations and Additions |
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249 | (1) |
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Adaptive Reuse and Change of Occupancy |
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250 | (3) |
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23 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance |
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253 | (6) |
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254 | (1) |
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Operations and Maintenance Manual |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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24 Aerial Vehicle Platforms |
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259 | (4) |
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Egress and Fire-Fighting Considerations |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (2) |
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25 ESS in Very Tall Buildings |
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263 | (4) |
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Electrochemical Technologies |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
References |
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267 | |