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E-raamat: Fisheries Acoustics: Theory and Practice

(FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen),
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Living resources of the sea and fresh water have long been an important source of food and economic activity. With fish stocks continuing to be over-exploited, there is a clear focus on fisheries management, to which acoustic methods can and do make an important contribution.





The second edition of this widely used book covers the many technological developments which have occurred since the first edition; highly sophisticated sonar and computer processing equipment offer great new opportunities and Fisheries Acoustic, 2e provides the reader with a better understanding of how to interpret acoustic observations and put them to practical use.

















Well known and respected authors



Emphasis on practical acoustic methods



Detailed coverage of a commercially and environmentally important subject









A vital tool for fisheries scientists, fisheries oceanographers, environmental biologists, ecologists, population biologists, fish biologists, and marine biologists. All those involved with design and use of acoustic equipment. Libraries in research establishments, government stations and universities where fisheries science is studied or taught will find this a welcome addition to their shelves.

Arvustused

"This very useful guide is now in its second considerably improved and updated edition highly recommended." (Work Boat World, October 2008) "The new volume of Fisheries Acoustics captures the advances in the technology associated with the use of acoustics to find, classify, size, enumerate, examine the behaviour of, and help manage various types of fish."(Reviews in Fisheries Science, November 2006)









"A thorough treatment of the acoustic instruments, sophisticated displays, and microprocessor-based signal processing used throughout the world to map the distribution of fish, estimate biomass, locate fish shoals, monitor fish movement, and study fish behavior. Emphasizes the practical methods for assessing fish stock; also discusses the design, execution, and interpretation of surveys, drawing from examples in many parts of the world."(Book News (SciTech Book News), September 2005)



"If you really want to know how depth sounders, sonars and their ilk work, you need this book. If you want to learn how to use your fish finding equipment more effectively, you need it even more."(Ausmarine)



"This textbook is an essential reference for professionals involved with the design and use of acoustic equipment for assessing fisheries and plankton populations...this book will be an invaluable tool for any practitioner or researcher requiring an understanding of the fundamentals of fisheries acoustics.the modernised edition is timely and welcome"(Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries (2007), 17:633-634)

Series Foreword xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction
1(19)
A brief history
2(4)
Synopsis
6(3)
Acoustic terminology and symbols
9(11)
Underwater Sound
20(50)
Introduction
20(1)
Sound waves
21(5)
Pressure and displacement
22(1)
Energy and intensity
23(1)
Units
24(1)
The decibel
24(2)
Transducers and beams
26(12)
The equivalent beam angle
32(1)
Controlling the beam shape
33(2)
End-fire transducer arrays
35(1)
Limits to power transmission in water
35(3)
Acoustic propagation
38(9)
Beam spreading
38(2)
Absorption
40(2)
The sound speed
42(4)
Pulses and ranging
46(1)
Acoustic scattering
47(14)
Targets large and small
48(3)
Target strength
51(2)
Standard targets
53(3)
Target shape and orientation
56(2)
Multiple targets
58(1)
Volume/area scattering coefficients
59(1)
Radiation pressure on targets
60(1)
The inverse scattering problem
61(1)
Echo detection
61(4)
Reverberation
63(1)
Noise
63(2)
The operating frequency
65(5)
Appendix 2A: Calculation of the acoustic absorption coefficient
67(1)
Appendix 2B: Calculation of the speed of sound in water
68(2)
Acoustic Instruments
70(57)
Introduction
70(1)
Echosounders
71(8)
Scientific echosounders
74(1)
The echo-integrator
74(2)
The basic netsonde
76(1)
The scanning netsonde
77(2)
Instruments for measuring the target strength
79(5)
The dual-beam echosounder
80(2)
The split-beam echosounder
82(2)
Resolution of single targets
84(1)
Sonars
84(14)
Searchlight sonar
85(1)
Side-scan sonar
85(3)
Sector scanners
88(5)
Three-dimensional sonar systems
93(4)
The Doppler effect
97(1)
Wideband systems
98(2)
Sound source location: pingers, transponders and hydrophone arrays
100(2)
Installation of acoustic systems
102(6)
Transducers on or near the vessel
102(2)
Deep-towed bodies
104(3)
Vessel noise performance
107(1)
Calibration
108(19)
The on-axis sensitivity
111(2)
Experimental procedure
113(5)
The TVG function
118(1)
The equivalent beam angle
119(1)
Overall sensitivity and the sound speed
120(1)
Direction-sensing echosounders
121(3)
Calibration of multi-beam sonars
124(2)
Good calibration practice
126(1)
Biological Acoustics
127(36)
Introduction
127(1)
Biological sounds
128(1)
Hearing
129(10)
Auditory detection capability
130(3)
Masking and the critical bandwidth
133(4)
Ultrasound and infrasound
137(2)
Biological sonar
139(6)
Environmental impacts
145(13)
High-energy sound sources
145(9)
Noise pollution
154(3)
Limiting the damage
157(1)
The swimbladder
158(5)
Observation and Measurement of Fish
163(54)
Introduction
163(1)
Simple observation methods
164(12)
Interpreting the echogram
164(2)
Echosounder mapping
166(5)
Side-scan sonar
171(3)
Multi-beam sonar
174(2)
Echo-counting
176(11)
Single-target echoes
177(3)
Range compensation
180(1)
Single-beam echosounders
181(3)
Direction-sensing echosounders
184(1)
Thresholding and the sampled volume
185(1)
Applications
186(1)
Echo-integration
187(16)
Range compensation
188(1)
The echo-integrator equation
189(2)
The linearity principle
191(3)
Non-linear effects
194(4)
Integration near the seabed
198(3)
The threshold problem
201(1)
Applications
202(1)
Other techniques
203(14)
Fixed sonar installations
203(2)
Horizontal sonar for shallow water applications
205(4)
Target tracking
209(1)
Doppler sonar
210(1)
Forward scattering
211(1)
Appendix 5A: The true size distribution of fish schools
212(3)
Appendix 5B: Calculation of the TVG error
215(2)
Target Strength of Fish
217(16)
Introduction
217(1)
Target strength measurement techniques
218(15)
Immobile fish
219(1)
Live fish in cages
220(5)
Wild fish
225(4)
Modelling
229(4)
Experimental results
233(1)
Immobile fish
233


John Simmonds is the Head of Pelagic Fisheries Research at the FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK





David MacLennan is a consultant in fisheries research and technology, and a former Deputy Director at the FRS Marine Laboratory