Preface |
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ix | |
About the Editors |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
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Chapter 1 Flooding in the Built Environment: Changing Risk and an Overview of Impacts |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.1 The Changing Flood Hazard |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Changing Exposure and Vulnerability |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Impacts from Flooding within the Built Environment |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 The Role of Flood Defense and Flood Management |
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4 | (1) |
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1.5 Structure of the Book |
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5 | (4) |
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5 | (4) |
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SECTION I Impacts, Preparedness, and Emergency Response |
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Chapter 2 State of the Art of Flood Forecasting: From Deterministic to Probabilistic Approaches |
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9 | (16) |
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2.1 The First Step: Accepting Uncertainty in the Flood Forecasting Chain |
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9 | (2) |
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2.2 Dealing with Uncertainty in Meteorological Inputs for Flood Forecasting |
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11 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Meteorological Observations |
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12 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Weather Forecasting Data |
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13 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Correcting Ensemble Prediction Data for Flood Forecasting |
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15 | (1) |
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2.3 Dealing with Uncertainty in Hydrological Modeling: A Challenge |
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16 | (1) |
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2.4 The European Flood Alert System: An Example of a Probabilistic Flood Forecasting System |
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17 | (2) |
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2.5 Summary and Conclusion |
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19 | (6) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Flood Warning and Incident Management |
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25 | (12) |
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3.1 Introduction: Why Have a Flood Warning Service? |
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25 | (1) |
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3.2 History of Flood Warning in England and Wales |
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26 | (2) |
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3.3 What Constitutes a Good Warning Service? |
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28 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Flood Warnings: Names, Stages, or Colors? |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Methods of Warning Dissemination |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3.3 The Flood Warning Message |
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31 | (2) |
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3.4 Flood Incident Management |
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33 | (2) |
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3.4.1 Flood Response Planning in the United Kingdom |
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33 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Multi-Agency Flood Plans |
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33 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Exercising Flood Response Scenarios |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Impacts of Flooding in the Built Environment |
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37 | (16) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (1) |
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4.3 Impact on the Barnsley Council |
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41 | (1) |
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4.4 The Community Perspective |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (4) |
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4.6 Post-Flooding Repairs and Activities |
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48 | (5) |
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50 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Health Impacts of Flooding |
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53 | (22) |
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5.2 Definitions of Flooding for Health Use |
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55 | (1) |
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5.3 Epidemiology of the Health Impacts of Flooding |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (8) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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5.4.3.1 Vector-Borne Disease |
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61 | (1) |
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5.4.3.2 Water-Borne Disease |
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61 | (1) |
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5.4.3.3 Food-Borne Disease |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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5.4.4.2 Chemical Pollution in Floodwater |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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5.5 Vulnerability and Specific Groups Focusing on Chronic Disease Sufferers |
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65 | (3) |
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66 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Specific Groups Focusing on Chronic Disease Sufferers |
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67 | (1) |
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5.6 Health Facilities and Services |
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68 | (1) |
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5.7 Public Health and Emergencies |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (5) |
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71 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 The UK Sewer Network: Perceptions of Its Condition and Role in Flood Risk |
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75 | (14) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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6.4 Causes of Flooding from Sewers |
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77 | (1) |
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6.5 Remedies for the Problem of Sewer Flooding |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (4) |
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6.6.1 Sewer Flooding in the United Kingdom |
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80 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Factors Affecting the UK Sewer Network's Performance |
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81 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Remedies to the UK Sewer Network's Problems |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (5) |
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84 | (5) |
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SECTION II Recovery, Repair, and Reconstruction |
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Chapter 7 Flood Insurance in the United Kingdom: The Association of British Insurers' View |
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89 | (10) |
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89 | (2) |
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7.2 The Statement of Principles |
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91 | (2) |
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7.2.1 A Long-Term Strategy for Flood Risk Management |
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92 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Improved Legislative Framework for Flood Risk Management |
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92 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Flood Resilient and Resistance Measures |
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93 | (1) |
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7.3 New Property Development |
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93 | (1) |
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7.4 Improving Insurers' Response to Flood Events |
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94 | (1) |
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7.5 The Need to Improve the Understanding of Current and Future Risks |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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97 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 A Practical Guide to Drying a Water-Damaged Dwelling |
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99 | (12) |
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99 | (1) |
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8.2 An Introduction to Water Damage and Drying |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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8.4 Amount of Water and Direction of Flow |
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101 | (1) |
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8.5 Survey and Drying Plan |
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101 | (2) |
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8.6 Building and Contents Drying Considerations |
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103 | (1) |
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8.7 Monitoring the Drying Process |
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103 | (3) |
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8.8 Types of Dehumidifiers |
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106 | (2) |
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8.8.1 Condensing/Refrigerant Dehumidifiers |
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106 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Desiccant/Adsorption Dehumidifiers |
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107 | (1) |
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8.9 Final Inspection and Completion |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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109 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 The Art of Reinstatement |
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111 | (14) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (5) |
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9.2.1 Mitigation: Initial Response Phase |
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113 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Recovery and Restoration: Damage Management Phase |
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115 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Reinstatement: Reconstruction Phase |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (4) |
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9.3.1 Project Specification |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Project Financial Planning and Reporting |
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120 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Project Contingency Planning |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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9.3.7 Project Performance and Communication |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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122 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 The Development of Standards in Flood Damage Repairs: Lessons to Be Learned from the United Kingdom Example |
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125 | (16) |
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10.1 Introduction: Are Standards and Quality the Same? |
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125 | (3) |
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10.1.1 The Benefits of Standardization: "Constructing Excellence" and Standardization |
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127 | (1) |
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10.2 Brief Review of Physical Repair Standards, Including Professional Services |
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128 | (6) |
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128 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Building Regulations in the United Kingdom |
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128 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Professional Standards |
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130 | (1) |
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10.2.3.1 British Damage Management Association |
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130 | (2) |
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10.2.3.2 National Flood School |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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10.2.5 Health and Safety Standards |
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133 | (1) |
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10.3 Service Standards, Communication, and Performance Management |
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134 | (3) |
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10.4 International Perspective |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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139 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Resilient Repair Strategy |
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141 | (14) |
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141 | (1) |
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11.2 Resilient versus Resistant Reinstatement |
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142 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Temporary Resistant Measures |
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142 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Permanent Resistant Measures |
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142 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Resilient Reinstatement |
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143 | (4) |
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147 | (1) |
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11.3.1 Other Cost Considerations |
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148 | (1) |
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11.4 Impact of Resilient Repairs on Reinstatement Durations |
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148 | (1) |
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11.5 Homeowner Attitude and Acceptance of Resilient Reinstatement |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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11.6 Flood-Resistant Construction |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (4) |
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151 | (4) |
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SECTION III Mitigation and Adaptation to Flood Risk |
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Chapter 12 International Historical, Political, Economic, Social, and Engineering Responses to Flood Risk |
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155 | (22) |
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12.1 Introduction and Historical Context |
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156 | (2) |
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12.1.1 Some Major Flood Events |
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156 | (1) |
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12.1.2 China: Human Sacrifices for Flood Control |
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157 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Gilbert White: The Father of Floodplain Management |
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158 | (1) |
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12.2 Understanding Flood Risk |
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158 | (2) |
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12.2.1 The Crichton Risk Triangle |
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158 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Perception of Risk and Psychology of Risk |
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159 | (1) |
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12.2.3 What Level of Flood Risk Is Acceptable? |
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160 | (1) |
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12.2.4 The Insurance Template |
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160 | (1) |
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12.3 Responses to Flood Risk |
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160 | (10) |
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12.3.1 Political Responses |
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161 | (1) |
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12.3.1.1 Property Developer Interests |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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12.3.1.3 Ecology Interests |
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163 | (1) |
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12.3.1.4 Unintended Consequences |
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163 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Economic Responses |
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163 | (1) |
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12.3.2.1 Insurance versus Gambling |
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163 | (1) |
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12.3.2.2 Insurance Claims Costs |
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164 | (1) |
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12.3.2.3 Eleven Insurance Scenarios |
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164 | (3) |
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12.3.2.4 Insurance in Less-Developed Countries |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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12.3.4 Engineering Responses |
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168 | (1) |
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12.3.4.1 Structural Flood Defenses to Reduce Hazard |
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168 | (1) |
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12.3.4.2 Temporary Demountables to Reduce Vulnerability |
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169 | (1) |
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12.3.4.3 Architecture to Reduce Vulnerability |
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170 | (1) |
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12.3.4.4 Building Regulations |
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170 | (1) |
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12.3.4.5 Nonstructural Solutions |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (7) |
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Appendix 12.A The Risk Matrix |
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172 | (1) |
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Appendix 12.B The Insurance Template |
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172 | (1) |
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Appendix 12.C Flood Exposure in Britain in 2009 |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Risk Management, Adaptation, and Monetary Aspects |
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177 | (14) |
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177 | (1) |
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13.2 Risk Management and Adaptation |
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177 | (2) |
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13.3 Case Study 1: Influence of Experienced Flooding in 2005 on Adaptation to Natural Hazards of Enterprises in Austria |
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179 | (2) |
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13.4 Quantification of Flood Impacts and Risk |
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181 | (1) |
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13.5 Monetary Assessment of Direct Flood Damage |
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182 | (2) |
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13.6 Case Study 2: The Influence of Flood Experience, Precautionary Adaptive Behavior, and Early Warning on Flood Losses of Private Households |
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184 | (4) |
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188 | (3) |
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188 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Blue Space Thinking |
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191 | (16) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (4) |
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14.7 Eiland veur Lent and Nijmegen, the Netherlands |
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198 | (3) |
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14.8 Littlehampton West Bank |
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201 | (1) |
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14.9 Dordrecht Floodproof Pilot Project |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (3) |
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205 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Adapting to and Mitigating Floods Using Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems |
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207 | (28) |
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207 | (2) |
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15.2 Flooding of Urban Areas |
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209 | (1) |
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15.3 Sustainable Drainage |
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210 | (14) |
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15.3.1 SUDS Devices and Flood Mitigation |
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211 | (4) |
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15.3.2 SUDS Flood-Resilient Design |
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215 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Incorporating SUDS Techniques into New Build Developments |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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15.3.5 Designing SUDS into the Built Environment |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (9) |
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227 | (8) |
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Chapter 16 Land Use Planning Issues |
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235 | (10) |
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16.1 Introduction: The Importance of Land Use in Flood Management |
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235 | (1) |
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16.2 The Planning Challenge |
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236 | (1) |
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16.3 Historical and Legislative Background |
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237 | (2) |
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16.4 Shoreline and Catchment Flood Management Plans |
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239 | (1) |
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16.5 Controlling Development |
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240 | (1) |
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16.6 Changing Responsibilities |
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241 | (1) |
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16.6.1 Surface Water Management Plans |
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241 | (1) |
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16.6.2 Flood Risk Regulations |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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243 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Flood Resilience for Critical Infrastructure and Services |
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245 | (14) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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17.3 Definition of Critical Infrastructure |
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247 | (1) |
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17.4 Regulatory Framework |
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248 | (4) |
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17.4.1 Civil Contingencies Act 2004 |
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248 | (1) |
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17.4.2 Climate Change Act 2008 |
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249 | (1) |
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17.4.3 Flood Risk Management Legislation |
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250 | (1) |
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17.4.4 Regulation of Private Utility Companies |
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251 | (1) |
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17.4.5 Regulation of Publicly Owned Service Providers |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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17.5 Flood Risk Assessment for Critical Infrastructure |
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252 | (1) |
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17.6 Interdependencies Assessment |
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253 | (1) |
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17.6.1 Dependency on Information and Communication Technology |
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253 | (1) |
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17.6.2 Collaboration between Providers |
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254 | (1) |
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17.7 Flood Resilience and Resistance for Critical Infrastructure |
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254 | (2) |
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17.7.1 Nonstructural Measures |
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254 | (1) |
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17.7.2 Structural Measures |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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256 | (3) |
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Chapter 18 Protection and Performance of Flooded Buildings |
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259 | (10) |
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259 | (1) |
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18.2 Planning and Foresight |
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260 | (1) |
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18.3 Flood Protection and Performance |
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261 | (4) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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267 | (2) |
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Chapter 19 Impacts of Flood Hazards on Small and Medium-Sized Companies: Strategies for Property-Level Protection and Business Continuity |
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269 | (12) |
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269 | (1) |
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19.2 Effects of Flood Hazard on SMEs |
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270 | (1) |
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19.3 Property-Level Flood Protection and Strategies for Business Continuity |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (5) |
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277 | (4) |
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SECTION IV The Community Perspective |
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Chapter 20 Living with Flood: Understanding Residents' Experiences of Recovery |
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281 | (10) |
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281 | (1) |
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20.2 Flood and Flood Recovery |
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282 | (1) |
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20.3 Researching Recovery in Hull |
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282 | (2) |
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20.4 Key Issues in Understanding Recovery |
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284 | (4) |
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284 | (1) |
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20.4.2 The Work of Recovery |
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285 | (2) |
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20.4.3 When Companies Behave Badly |
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287 | (1) |
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20.5 Discussion and Conclusion |
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288 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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Chapter 21 Property-Level Flood Protection: Case Studies of Successful Schemes |
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291 | (14) |
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291 | (2) |
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21.2 Approaches to Property-Level Flood Protection |
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293 | (3) |
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21.2.1 Resistant Solutions |
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294 | (1) |
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21.2.1.1 Barriers at a Distance |
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294 | (1) |
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21.2.1.2 Barriers to Stop Water from Entering the Building through Openings |
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294 | (1) |
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21.2.1.3 How to Stop Water from Coming through the Walls and Floors |
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294 | (1) |
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21.2.1.4 Products to Stop Water from Entering through the Toilet |
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295 | (1) |
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21.2.1.5 Pumps to Remove Water That Seeps through |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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21.2.2 Resilient Solutions |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (5) |
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21.3.1 Case Study 1: Resilience |
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297 | (1) |
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21.3.2 Case Study 2: Resistance |
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297 | (1) |
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21.3.3 Case Study 3: Low-Cost Resilience |
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298 | (1) |
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21.3.4 Case Study 4: Smart Airbricks |
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299 | (1) |
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21.3.5 Case Study 5: Protecting Shopfronts |
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299 | (1) |
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21.3.6 Case Study 6: Neighborhood Collaboration |
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300 | (1) |
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21.3.7 Case Study 7: Complete Resilience |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (4) |
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303 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Improving Community Resilience: Education, Empowerment, or Encouragement? |
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305 | (12) |
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305 | (1) |
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22.2 UK Socio-Political Context |
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306 | (1) |
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22.3 Flood Warning in the United Kingdom |
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307 | (1) |
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22.4 Awareness-Raising Campaigns |
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308 | (2) |
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22.5 Social Factors and Belief Systems in Decision Making |
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310 | (2) |
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22.6 Conclusion, Summary, and Looking Forward |
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312 | (5) |
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312 | (5) |
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Chapter 23 Financial Implications of Flooding and the Risk of Flooding on Households |
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317 | (10) |
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317 | (1) |
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23.2 The Theory of Property Value Loss Due to Flood Risk |
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318 | (1) |
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23.3 Results from Empirical Studies |
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319 | (1) |
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23.4 Insurance Cost and Availability |
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320 | (2) |
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23.5 The Cost of Mitigation Measures |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (3) |
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324 | (3) |
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Chapter 24 Why Most "At-Risk" Homeowners Do Not Protect Their Homes from Flooding |
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327 | (16) |
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327 | (1) |
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24.2 Semistructured Interviews and Focus Groups |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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24.4 Perceptions of the Probability of Flooding |
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329 | (2) |
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24.5 Perceptions of Adaptation: Financial and Material Issues |
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331 | (2) |
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24.5.1 The Perceived Affordability of Adaptation |
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331 | (1) |
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24.5.2 Anticipated Impacts on Property Values |
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331 | (1) |
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24.5.3 Perceived Costs and Benefits of Insurance |
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332 | (1) |
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24.5.4 Perceived Reductions in Cost |
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333 | (1) |
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24.6 Perceptions of Adaptations: Social and Emotional Issues |
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333 | (4) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (1) |
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24.6.3 Stigma and Social Identity |
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336 | (1) |
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24.7 Modeling the Drivers of Protective Behavior |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (5) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (4) |
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Chapter 25 Exploring the Effect of Perceptions of Social Responsibility on Community Resilience to Flooding |
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343 | (10) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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25.3 UK Resilience to Floods |
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345 | (1) |
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25.4 Modern Communities: Overreliance on Interconnectedness |
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345 | (1) |
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25.5 Social Responsibility |
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346 | (2) |
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25.6 Understanding Individual Roles in Resilience |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (3) |
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351 | (2) |
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Chapter 26 Lessons for the Future |
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353 | (4) |
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353 | (1) |
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26.2 An Overview of the Lessons Learned |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (1) |
Index |
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357 | |