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E-raamat: Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution

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(Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Feb-2010
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511686061
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Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and EvolutionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Feb-2010
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511686061
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"Floral morphology remains the cornerstone for plant identification and studies of plant evolution. This guide gives a global overview of the floral diversity of the angiosperms through the use of detailed floral diagrams. These schematic diagrams replace long descriptions or complicated drawings as a tool for understanding floral structure and evolution. They show important features of flowers, such as the relative positions of the different organs, their fusion, symmetry, and structural details. The relevance of the diagrams is discussed, and pertinent evolutionary trends are illustrated. The range of plant species represented reflects the most recent classification of flowering plants based mainly on molecular data, which is expected to remain stable in the future. This book is invaluable for researchers and students working on plant structure, development and systematics, as well as being an important resource for plant ecologists, evolutionary botanists and horticulturists." --NHBS Environment Bookstore.

Floral morphology remains the cornerstone for plant identification and studies of plant evolution. This guide gives a global overview of the floral diversity of the angiosperms through the use of detailed floral diagrams. These schematic diagrams replace long descriptions or complicated drawings as a tool for understanding floral structure and evolution. They show important features of flowers, such as the relative positions of the different organs, their fusion, symmetry, and structural details. The relevance of the diagrams is discussed, and pertinent evolutionary trends are illustrated. The range of plant species represented reflects the most recent classification of flowering plants based mainly on molecular data, which is expected to remain stable in the future. This book is invaluable for researchers and students working on plant structure, development and systematics, as well as being an important resource for plant ecologists, evolutionary botanists and horticulturists.

Guide to using floral diagrams for the identification of flowering plants, and to understand flower structures, their diversity and evolution.

Arvustused

' a seemingly simple idea which has proved to be a powerful and effective way to describe and understand one of the great bounties of nature This volume comprises a modern treatment of this deceptively simple technique in the context of the latest developments in angiosperm evolution and taxonomy, including recent molecular and phylogenetic advances. a valuable and insightful resource for researchers, students and the general botanist.' The Biologist

Muu info

Guide to using floral diagrams for the identification of flowering plants, and to understand flower structures, their diversity and evolution.
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Part I Introduction to floral diagrams 1
1 Introduction to flower morphology
3
1.1 Definition of flowers
3
1.2 Floral organs
5
1.2.1 Perianth
5
1.2.2 Androecium
8
1.2.3 Gynoecium
14
1.3 The floral axis and receptacle
18
1.4 Floral nectaries
21
1.5 Relationship of flowers with inflorescences
22
1.5.1 Terminal and lateral flowers
22
1.5.2 Pseudanthia
23
1.5.3 Bracts and bracteoles
24
1.5.4 Epicalyx and calyculus
24
1.6 Symmetry and orientation of flowers
25
1.7 Phyllotaxis
28
1.7.1 Whorls and spirals
28
1.7.2 Merism
30
1.7.3 Aestivation patterns
32
1.8 Fusion of floral parts
33
1.8.1 Congenital and postgenital fusion
33
1.8.2 Sympetaly and common stamen-petal tubes
34
2 Floral diagrams
36
2.1 Definition and significance of floral diagrams
36
2.2 Types of floral diagrams
37
2.3 Floral diagrams and floral formulae
38
2.4 Problems of three-dimensional complexity
39
2.5 Representation of accessory structures
41
2.6 Floral heteromorphism and unisexual flowers
43
2.7 Floral development and floral diagrams
44
2.8 Evolutionary developmental genetics and floral diagrams
48
3 Floral diagrams used in this book
51
Part II Floral diagrams in the major clades 55
4 Systematic significance of floral diagrams
57
4.1 Floral diagrams and molecular phylogeny
57
4.1.1 Molecular and morphological characters
57
4.1.2 The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
59
4.1.3 Fossil flowers and floral diagrams
61
4.2 Overview of floral diagrams in the major clades of flowering plants
62
5 Basal angiosperms: the ascent of flowers
63
5.1 The ANA-grade: Amborellales, Austrobaileyales, Nymphaeales
63
5.2 Magnoliales
70
5.3 Laurales
75
5.4 Piperales
82
6 Monocots: variation on a trimerous Bauplan
88
6.1 The basal monocots: Acorales and Alismatales
88
6.2 The lilioids: Asparagales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales
98
6.3 The commelinids: Arecales, Commelinales, Poales, Zingiberales
112
7 Early diverging eudicots: a transition between two worlds
129
7.1 Ranunculales
129
7.2 The basal eudicot grade: Sabiales, Proteales, Trochodendrales, Buxales
140
8 Basal core eudicots: the event of pentamerous flowers
149
8.1 Gunnerales and Berberidopsidales
149
8.2 Santalales
154
8.3 Dilleniales
159
9 Caryophyllids: how to reinvent lost petals
163
9.1 Polygonales
164
9.2 Core Caryophyllales
175
10 Rosids: the diplostemonous alliance
193
10.1 Saxifragales
193
10.2 Malvids
203
10.2.1 Early diverging malvids: Geraniales, Myrtales
203
10.2.2 Remaining malvids: Malvales, Brassicales, Sapindales
217
10.3 Fabids
243
10.3.1 COM-clade: Celastrales–Oxalidales–Malpighiales
244
10.3.2 Remaining fabids: Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales, Rosales
269
11 Asterids: tubes and pseudanthia
292
11.1 Basal asterids: Cornales, Ericales
292
11.2 Lamiids: Solanales, Gentianales, Lamiales
314
11.3 Campanulids: Dipsacales, Apiales, Asterales
333
Part III Conclusions 349
12 Distinctive systematic characters and cryptic apomorphies
351
13 Floral diagrams and major angiosperm groups
353
13.1 Basal angiosperms, monocots and early diverging eudicots
353
13.2 Core eudicots
357
14 Outlook
364
References 365
Glossary 403
Taxonomic index 414
Subject index 430
Dr Louis Ronse De Craene obtained an MSc at the University of Reading and a PhD at the University of Leuven (Belgium) and became attached to the laboratory of Systematics in Leuven as postdoctoral researcher. Since 2002, he has been director of the MSc course on the Biodiversity and Taxonomy of Plants at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. His research interests include the morphology and evolution of flowers and encompass a broad range of angiosperm families. His particular interests lie in floral ontogeny, an important tool in modern systematic research; he applies data from comparative morphology in a phylogenetic and evolutionary-developmental context, to address hypotheses on the evolution of floral forms and systematic relationships. As such he has built up an extensive expertise in floral structure and development. He is author of more than 80 publications, mostly in peer-reviewed international journals and is also an associate editor for the international journal Plant Systematics and Evolution.
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