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E-raamat: Fluid Mechanics

(Nova University, U.S.A.(deceased))
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323140249
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323140249
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Written in a clear and simple style, this textbook on fluid mechanics gives equal emphasis to both geophysical and engineering fluid mechanics. For physicists, it contains chapters on geophysical fluid mechanics and gravity waves; for engineers, it has chapters on aerodynamics and compressible flow. Of common interest are chapters on governing equations, laminar flows, boundary layers, instability, and turbulence. This book also presents topics of recent interest, such as deterministic chaos, and double-diffusive instability.

Arvustused

"As reluctant as I am to change books for my graduate fluid mechanics courses...I have done it for only the third time in 25 years....Your book...is closer to the way I teach than any other text on the market."--Ira M. Cohen, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA"This, indeed, is a very fine textbook...This is a no-nonsense book, concisely written, well balanced in its subjects of emphasis, covering a lot of territory while avoiding excess baggage. Each chapter is richly illustrated, mostly with schematic drawings, which help greatly in elucidating difficult concepts. At its very affordable price it can be highly recommended for classroom use in meteorological and engineering courses, but also as a quick refresher reference for the research meteorologist whose knowledge of fluid mechanics and dynamics has become somewhat jaded."--METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS"The book is scientifically of good quality; that is to say, the choice of subjects is appropriate, the reasoning and the mathematics are correct, the explainations are clear....I don't know of any fluid mechanics text other that Kundu's with a geophysical point of view, which is yet catholic enough to include aerodynamics and compressible flow, and none with a specifically oceanographic point of view. In addition, Kundu's text has a sound physical point of view, yet is carefully presented so as not to be too difficult mathematically. I feel very positively about this text."--John L. Lumley, CORNELL UNIVERSITY"An excellent introduction to fluid mechanics for students and researchers seeking a broad background on the subject. It is well written with clear and concise descriptions and derivations. The author has opted to use simplified physical explanations, rather than long involved mathematical treatments, for many complex topics and this is certainly a welcome sight....The main advantage of this book over other books on fluid mechanics is that it is very readable and easy to follow. I would strongly recommend this book for any introductory courses on fluid mechanics."--Dr. Rabindra D. Mehta, STANFORD UNIVERSITY/NASA Ames Research Center"Fluid Mechanics offers relief from the usual academic rigor in the form of an easy to read, enlightening and informative text. It covers much of the classical research while venturing in a logical way into the expanding field of geophysical fluid dynamics. The blend of theory, laboratory results and geophysical examples makes the book a welcome addition to the literature....Kundu's book finds niche between the advanced rigorous mathematical treatment in Pedlosky's geophysical fluid dynamical book and Batchelor's advanced more classical treatment of fluid mechanics."--Richard Thomson, OceanPhysics Division, INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES

Preface xvii
Author's Notes xxi
Introduction
Fluid Mechanics
1(1)
Units of Measurement
2(1)
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
3(1)
Continuum Hypothesis
4(1)
Transport Phenomena
5(3)
Surface Tension
8(1)
Fluid Statics
9(3)
Classical Thermodynamics
12(4)
Perfect Gas
16(2)
Static Equilibrium of a Compressible Medium
18(6)
Exercises
22(1)
Literature Cited
23(1)
Supplemental Reading
23(1)
Cartesian Tensors
Scalars and Vectors
24(1)
Rotation of Axes: Formal Definition of a Vector
25(3)
Multiplication of Matrices
28(1)
Second Order Tensor
29(2)
Contraction and Miltiplication
31(1)
Force on a Surface
32(3)
Kronecker Delta and Alternating Tensor
35(1)
Dot Product
36(1)
Cross Product
36(1)
Operator ∇: Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
37(2)
Symmetric and Antisymmetric Tensors
39(1)
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Symmetric Tensor
40(2)
Gauss's Theorem
42(1)
Stokes's Theorem
43(1)
Comma Notation
44(1)
Boldface versus Indicial Notation
45(2)
Exercises
45(1)
Literature Cited
46(1)
Supplemental Reading
46(1)
Kinematics
Introduction
47(1)
Lagrangian and Eulerian Specifications
48(1)
Material Derivative
49(2)
Streamline, Path Line, and Streak Line
51(2)
Reference Frame and Streamline Pattern
53(1)
Linear Strain Rate
54(1)
Shear Strain Rate
55(1)
Vorticity and Circulation
56(2)
Relative Motion near a Point: Principal Axes
58(3)
Kinematic Considerations of Parallel Shear Flows
61(1)
Kinematic Considerations of Vortex Flows
62(4)
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
66(1)
The Stream Function
66(3)
Polar Coordinates
69(5)
Exercises
70(3)
Supplemental Reading
73(1)
Conservation Laws
Introduction
74(1)
Time Derivatives of Volume Integrals
75(2)
Conservation of Mass
77(2)
Origin of Forces in Fluid
79(2)
Stress at a Point
81(2)
Conservation of Momentum
83(1)
Momentum Principle for a Mixed Volume
84(3)
Angular Momentum Principle for a Fixed Volume
87(2)
Constitutive Equation for Newtonian Fluid
89(4)
Navier-Stokes Equation
93(1)
Rotating Frame
94(5)
Mechanical Energy Equation
99(4)
First Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy Equation
103(2)
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy Production
105(1)
Bernoulli Equation
106(3)
Applications of Bernoulli's Equation
109(3)
Boussinesq Approximation
112(7)
Exercises
116(1)
Literature Cited
117(1)
Supplemental Reading
118(1)
Vorticity Dynamics
Introduction
119(1)
Vortex Lines and Vortex Tubes
120(1)
Role of Viscosity in Rotational and Irrotational Vortices
121(3)
Kelvin's Circulation Theorem
124(5)
Vorticity Equation in a Nonrotating Frame
129(1)
Vorticity Equation in a Rotating Frame
130(5)
Interaction of Vortices
135(3)
Vortex Sheet
138(3)
Exercises
139(1)
Literature Cited
140(1)
Supplemental Reading
140(1)
Irrotational Flow
Relevance of Irrotational Flow Theory
141(2)
Velocity Potential: Laplace Equation
143(2)
Application of Complex Variables
145(2)
Flow at a Wall Angle
147(2)
Sources and Sinks
149(1)
Irrotational Vortex
149(1)
Doublet
150(2)
Flow past a Half Body
152(1)
Flow past a Circular Cylinder without Circulation
153(3)
Flow past a Circular Cylinder with Circulation
156(3)
Forces on a Two-Dimensional Body
159(3)
Source near a Wall: Method of Images
162(1)
Conformal Mapping
163(2)
Flow around an Elliptic Cylinder with Circulation
165(1)
Uniqueness of Irrotational Flows
166(2)
Numerical Solution of Plane Irrotational Flow
168(5)
Axisymmetric Irrotational Flow
173(2)
Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Axisymmetric Flow
175(1)
Simple Examples of Axisymmetric Flows
176(2)
Flow around a Streamlined Body of Revolution
178(1)
Flow around an Arbitrary Body of Revolution
179(1)
Concluding Remarks
180(4)
Exercises
181(2)
Literature Cited
183(1)
Supplemental Reading
183(1)
Gravity Waves
Introduction
184(1)
The Wave Equation
185(2)
Wave Parameters
187(3)
Surface Gravity Waves
190(4)
Some Features of Surface Gravity Waves
194(6)
Approximations for Deep and Shallow Water
200(5)
Influence of Surface Tension
205(3)
Standing Waves
208(1)
Group Velocity and Energy Flux
209(3)
Group Velocity and Wave Dispersion
212(4)
Nonlinear Steepening in a Nondispersive Medium
216(2)
Hydraulic Jump
218(3)
Finite Amplitude Waves of Unchanging Form in a Dispersive Medium
221(2)
Stokes's Drift
223(3)
Waves at a Density Interface between Infintely Deep Fluids
226(3)
Waves in a Finite Layer Overlying an Infinitely Deep Fluid
229(3)
Shallow Layer Overlying an Infinitely Deep Fluid
232(2)
Equations of Motion for a Continuously Stratified Fluid
234(2)
Internal Waves in a Continuously Stratified Fluid
236(4)
Dispersion of Internal Waves in a Stratified Fluid
240(2)
Energy Considerations of Internal Waves in a Stratified Fluid
242(6)
Exercises
246(1)
Literature Cited
247(1)
Dynamic Similarity
Introduction
248(1)
Nondimensional Parameters Determined from Differential Equations
249(3)
Dimensional Matrix
252(1)
Buckingham's Pi Theorem
253(2)
Nondimensional Parameters and Dynamic Similarity
255(2)
Comments on Model Testing
257(2)
Significance of Common Nondimensional Parameters
259(4)
Exercises
262(1)
Laminar Flow
Introduction
263(2)
Analogy between Heat and Vorticity Diffusion
265(1)
Pressure Change Due to Dynamic Effects
265(1)
Steady Flow between Parallel Plates
266(4)
Steady Flow in a Pipe
270(1)
Steady Flow between Concentric Cylinders
271(3)
Impulsively Started Plate: Similarity Solutions
274(6)
Diffusion of a Vortex Sheet
280(2)
Decay of a Line Vortex
282(2)
Flow Due to an Oscillating Plate
284(3)
High and Low Reynolds Number Flows
287(2)
Creeping Flow around a Sphere
289(3)
Nonuniformity of Stokes's Solution and Oseen's Improvement
292(4)
Final Remarks
296(3)
Exercises
296(2)
Literature Cited
298(1)
Supplemental Reading
298(1)
Boundary Layers and Related Topics
Introduction
299(1)
Boundary Layer Approximation
300(5)
Different Measures of Boundary Layer Thickness
305(2)
Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate: Blasius Solution
307(8)
Karman Momentum Integral
315(2)
Effects of Pressure Gradient
317(1)
Separation
318(3)
Description of Flow past a Circular Cylinder
321(6)
Description of Flow past a Sphere
327(1)
Dynamics of Sports Balls
327(6)
Two-Dimensional Jets
333(3)
Perturbation Techniques
336(4)
An Example of a Regular Perturbation Problem
340(2)
An Example of a Singular Perturbation Problem
342(8)
Exercises
347(1)
Literature Cited
348(1)
Supplemental Reading
348(2)
Instability
Introduction
350(1)
Method of Normal Modes
351(1)
Thermal Instability: The Benard Problem
352(11)
Double-Diffusive Instability
363(5)
Centrifugal Instability: Taylor Problem
368(5)
Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability
373(8)
Instability of Continuously Stratified Parallel Flows
381(6)
Squire's Theorem and Orr-Sommerfeld Equation
387(4)
Inviscid Stability of Parallel Flows
391(4)
Some Results of Parallel Viscous Flows
395(6)
Experimental Verification of Boundary Layer Instability
401(1)
Comments on Nonlinear Effects
402(1)
Transition
403(2)
Deterministic Chaos
405(11)
Exercises
413(2)
Literature Cited
415(1)
Turbulence
Introduction
416(2)
Historical Notes
418(2)
Averages
420(3)
Correlations and Spectra
423(3)
Averaged Equations of Motion
426(7)
Kinetic Energy Budget of Mean Flow
433(2)
Kinetic Energy Budget of Turbulent Flow
435(3)
Turbulence Production and Cascade
438(3)
Spectrum of Turbulence in Inertial Subrange
441(2)
Wall-Free Shear Flow
443(5)
Wall-Bounded Shear Flow
448(7)
Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length
455(3)
Coherent Structures in a Wall Layer
458(2)
Turbulence in a Stratified Medium
460(6)
Taylor's Theory of Turbulent Dispersion
466(8)
Exercises
471(2)
Literature Cited
473(1)
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Introduction
474(2)
Vertical Variation of Density in Atmosphere and Ocean
476(2)
Equations of Motion
478(3)
Approximate Equations for a Thin Layer on a Rotating Sphere
481(3)
Geostrophic Flow
484(5)
Ekman Layer at a Free Surface
489(3)
Ekman Layer on a Rigid Surface
492(4)
Shallow Water Equations
496(2)
Normal Modes in a Continuously Stratified Layer
498(6)
High and Low Frequency Regimes in Shallow Water Equations
504(2)
Gravity Waves with Rotation
506(3)
Kelvin Wave
509(4)
Potential Vorticity Conservation in Shallow Water Theory
513(4)
Internal Waves
517(9)
Rossby Wave
526(6)
Barotropic Instability
532(1)
Baroclinic Instability
533(8)
Geostrophic Turbulence
541(6)
Exercises
545(1)
Literature Cited
546(1)
Aerodynamics
Introduction
547(1)
The Aircraft and Its Controls
548(2)
Airfoil Geometry
550(1)
Forces on an Airfoil
551(1)
Kutta Condition
552(2)
Generation of Circulation
554(2)
Conformal Transformation for Generating Airfoil Shape
556(4)
Lift of Zhukhovski Airfoil
560(2)
Wing of Finite Span
562(2)
Lifting Line Theory of Prandtl and Lanchester
564(4)
Results for Elliptic Circulation Distribution
568(3)
Lift and Drag Characteristics of Airfoils
571(2)
Propulsive Mechanisms of Fish and Birds
573(2)
Sailing against the Wind
575(4)
Exercises
576(1)
Literature Cited
577(1)
Supplemental Reading
578(1)
Compressible Flow
Introduction
579(4)
Speed of Sound
583(2)
Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Flow
585(3)
Stagnation and Sonic Properties
588(2)
Area-Velocity Relations in One-Dimensional Insentropic Flow
590(7)
Normal Shock Wave
597(4)
Operation of Nozzles at Different Back Pressures
601(5)
Mach Cone
606(2)
Oblique Shock Wave
608(5)
Expansion and Compression in Supersonic Flow
613(1)
Thin Airfoil Theory in Supersonic Flow
614(4)
Exercises
616(1)
Literature Cited
617(1)
Supplemental Reading
617(1)
Appendix A Some Properties of Common Fluids
A1. Useful Conversion Factors
618(1)
A2. Properties of Pure Water at Atmospheric Pressure
619(1)
A3. Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure
619(1)
A4. Properties of Standard Atmosphere
620(1)
Appendix B Curvilinear Coordinates
B1. Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
621(2)
B2. Plane Polar Coordinates
623(1)
B3. Spherical Polar Coordinates
624(2)
Appendix C Founders of Modern Fluid Dynamics
Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953)
626(1)
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor (1886-1975)
627(1)
Supplemental Reading
628(1)
Index 629


By Pijush K. Kundu