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E-raamat: Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Edited by (Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany), Edited by (University of California-San Diego, USA)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Oct-2016
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315340937
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Fluorine Magnetic Resonance ImagingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Oct-2016
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315340937
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Over the past decade, fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has garnered significant scientific interest in the biomedical research community owing to the unique properties of fluorinated materials and the 19F nucleus. Fluorine has an intrinsically sensitive nucleus for MRI. There is negligible endogenous 19F in the body and thus there is no background signal. Fluorine-containing compounds are ideal tracer labels for a wide variety of MRI applications. Moreover, the chemical shift and nuclear relaxation rate can be made responsive to physiology via creative molecular design.

This book is an interdisciplinary compendium that details cutting-edge science and medical research in the emerging field of 19F MRI. Edited by Ulrich Flögel and Eric Ahrens, two prominent MRI researchers, this book will appeal to investigators involved in MRI, biomedicine, immunology, pharmacology, probe chemistry, and imaging physics.

Arvustused

"Since the first published images in the mid 1970s, 19F MRI has made a significant comeback in molecular and cellular imaging during the last 10 years. This book is written by an international gathering of scientists who have been expert witnesses to this renaissance, covering every aspect from physical, chemical, and biological perspectives." Dr. Jeff W. M. Bulte, Johns Hopkins University, USA

"Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging provides a splendid overview of how the 19F nucleus can be exploited to interrogate healthy and diseased tissues. Written by recognized experts in MRI pulse sequences, imaging hardware, contrast agent chemistry, pharmacy, and medicine, it covers the whole field from the technique to clinical application. An important and highly recommended book." Prof. Gustav J. Strijkers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

"This is an authoritative and comprehensive book on a very important and emerging topic in the field of MRI and biomedical imaging. The editors have engaged the leaders in 19F MRI and cover all basic and advanced concepts in this field. The book is rich in illustrations and examples, which facilitate comprehension. I have no doubt that it is going to be a valuable resource in helping the next generation of scientists and clinicians to continue the process of advancing 19F MRI and its application in biology and medicine." Dr. Zahi A. Fayad, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA

Preface xv
Part 1: Technical Issues
1 Pulse Sequence Considerations and Schemes
3(26)
Cornelius Faber
Florian Schmid
1.1 Introduction
3(2)
1.2 General Considerations
5(6)
1.2.1 The Pulse Sequences
5(4)
1.2.2 More General Pulse Sequence Considerations
9(2)
1.3 Sensitivity of Particular Sequences in Parameter Space
11(9)
1.3.1 SNR Efficiencies and Optimum Parameters for UTE, FLASH and bSSFP
14(3)
1.3.2 SNR Efficiencies and Optimum Parameters for RARE
17(3)
1.4 The Best Pulse Sequence for 19F MRI
20(2)
1.5 Implications for Actual 19F MRI Measurements
22(1)
1.6 Further Methods to Increase SNR: Heteronuclear Overhauser Enhancement
23(6)
2 Advanced Detection Techniques and Hardware: Simultaneous 19F/1H MRI
29(30)
Lingzhi Hu
Jochen Keupp
Shelton D. Caruthers
Matthew J. Goette
Gregory M. Lanza
Samuel A. Wickline
2.1 Imaging Applications of Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles and Introduction of Simultaneous 19F/1H MRI
30(3)
2.2 MRI Hardware and Reconstruction for Simultaneous 19F/1H Imaging
33(5)
2.2.1 Scanner Hardware Design
33(1)
2.2.2 MR Reconstruction Methods
34(4)
2.3 19F/1H Dual-Frequency RF Coil Design and System Calibration for Simultaneous 19F/1H Imaging
38(8)
2.3.1 19F/1H Dual-Frequency RF Coil Design
38(5)
2.3.2 MR System and RF Coil Calibration for Simultaneous 19F/1H Imaging
43(3)
2.4 Advanced MR Sequences for Simultaneous 19F/1H Imaging
46(6)
2.4.1 Balanced Ultrashort TE Steady State-Free Precession Sequence
47(2)
2.4.2 Fluorine Ultrafast Turbo Spectroscopic Imaging Sequence
49(1)
2.4.3 Blood-Flow Enhanced Saturation Recovery Sequence
50(2)
2.5 Conclusion
52(7)
3 Hyperpolarization for Signal Enhancement in Fluorine MR Applications
59(44)
Ute Bommerich
Johannes Bernarding
Denise Lego
Thomas Trantzschel
Markus Plaumann
3.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2 Hyperpolarization Techniques: History and Physical Principles
60(17)
3.2.1 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
61(5)
3.2.2 Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
66(4)
3.2.3 Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization
70(4)
3.2.4 Application of HP Methods to MRI
74(3)
3.3 Hyperpolarized 19F: Chronological Results
77(9)
3.3.1 DNP
77(3)
3.3.2 CIDNP
80(3)
3.3.3 PHIP
83(3)
3.4 Perspectives
86(17)
Part 2: 19F Imaging Agents
4 Active Targeting of Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions
103(38)
Sebastian Temme
Christoph Grapentin
Tuba Guden-Silber
Ulrich Flogel
4.1 A Short Introduction to Perfluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions
103(2)
4.2 Generation of Targeted Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions
105(8)
4.2.1 Targeting Ligands
106(1)
4.2.1.1 Antibodies and antibody derivatives
106(1)
4.2.1.2 Peptides and other targeting ligands
109(1)
4.2.2 Coupling of Targeting Ligands to PFC-NE
109(1)
4.2.2.1 Functional groups for coupling reactions
109(1)
4.2.2.2 Generation of targeted PFC-NE
112(1)
4.3 Applications Using Actively Targeted PFC-NE
113(13)
4.3.1 Inflammation
114(1)
4.3.1.1 Imaging immune cells
114(1)
4.3.1.2 Visualization of the activated endothelium
116(1)
4.3.1.3 Inflammation-associated angiogenesis
116(1)
4.3.2 Cancer
117(3)
4.3.3 Thrombosis
120(3)
4.3.4 Atherosclerotic Plaques and Restenosis
123(2)
4.3.5 Targeting of Stem Cells
125(1)
4.4 Summary and Outlook
126(15)
5 Responsive Probes for 19F MRS/MRI
141(30)
Aneta Keliris
Klaus Scheffler
Jorn Engelmann
5.1 Introduction
141(2)
5.2 Response Mechanisms
143(1)
5.3 Classes of 19F Responsive Probes
144(15)
5.3.1 pH-Activatable 19F Probes
144(3)
5.3.2 Metal Ion Responsive 19F Sensors
147(2)
5.3.3 Responsive 19F Probes for Detection of Proteins and Their Function
149(1)
5.3.3.1 Enzyme responsive probes
150(1)
5.3.3.2 Sensing non-enzymatic proteins and nucleic acids
155(3)
5.3.4 19F Probes Responsive to pO2
158(1)
5.4 Sensitivity and Detection Levels for 19F MRI/MRS
159(2)
5.5 Conclusions
161(10)
Part 3: Inflammation Imaging
6 Imaging Acute Organ Transplant Rejection with 19F MRI
171(20)
T. Kevin Hitchens
Lesley M. Foley
Qing Ye
6.1 Organ Transplantation
171(2)
6.2 Organ Rejection
173(1)
6.3 In vivo Macrophage Labeling and MRI Cell Tracking
174(2)
6.4 Detection of Acute Kidney Transplant Rejection Using MRI Cell Tracking
176(4)
6.5 Detection of Acute Allograft Rejection in the Heart with MRI Cell Tracking
180(5)
6.6 Conclusions
185(6)
7 Cardiac Disease
191(30)
Ruud B. van Heeswijk
Christine Gonzales
Juerg Schwitter
7.1 Introduction
191(4)
7.2 Motion Compensation and Pulse Sequences
195(3)
7.2.1 Cardiac Motion
195(1)
7.2.2 Respiratory Motion
196(2)
7.2.3 Bulk Motion
198(1)
7.3 Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases
199(10)
7.3.1 Angiography
199(1)
7.3.2 Myocarditis
199(3)
7.3.3 Heart Transplantation
202(1)
7.3.4 Myocardial Infarction
203(4)
7.3.5 Atherosclerosis
207(2)
7.4 In vitro 19F-Labeling of Inflammatory Cells
209(1)
7.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
210(11)
Part 4: Monitoring Of Specific Cell Populations
8 Tracking Lymphocytes in vivo
221(22)
Ghaith Bakdash
Mangala Srinivas
8.1 Introduction
222(1)
8.2 Lymphocytes
222(4)
8.2.1 Function
222(1)
8.2.2 Migration
223(2)
8.2.3 Autoimmune Disease, Cancer and Transplant Rejection
225(1)
8.3 Lymphocyte Tracking with Other Imaging Modalities
226(2)
8.3.1 Nuclear Imaging Techniques
226(1)
8.3.2 Fluorescence Imaging and Microscopy
227(1)
8.4 MRI for Tracking Lymphocytes
228(3)
8.4.1 Iron-Based Imaging
229(2)
8.4.2 Gadolinium-Based Imaging
231(1)
8.5 19F MRI for Tracking Lymphocytes
231(12)
8.5.1 Labels and Cell Loading
231(2)
8.5.2 In vivo Imaging Data
233(3)
8.5.3 Ex vivo Studies
236(1)
8.6 Conclusion
237(6)
9 Tracking of Dendritic Cells
243(40)
Sonia Waiczies
MinChi Ku
Thoralf Niendorf
9.1 Introduction
243(1)
9.2 About Dendritic Cells
244(4)
9.2.1 Dendritic Cell Classification: Challenges Ahead
245(1)
9.2.2 Dendritic Cells in Health and Disease
246(1)
9.2.2.1 Dendritic cells in autoimmunity
246(1)
9.2.2.2 Dendritic cells in tumor and infectious disease
247(1)
9.3 Why Is Tracking of Dendritic Cells So Important?
248(5)
9.3.1 Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy
249(2)
9.3.2 In vitro Generation of Mouse and Human DCs
251(1)
9.3.3 How Can We Modulate Dendritic Cells as Therapies
252(1)
9.4 Tracking Methods for Dendritic Cells
253(13)
9.4.1 Optical Imaging: Bioluminescence and Fluorescence Tomography
254(1)
9.4.2 Nuclear Imaging: Scintigraphy, SPECT, and PET
255(2)
9.4.3 Cell Tracking Using Magnetic Resonance Methods
257(1)
9.4.3.1 Contrast agents modulating relaxation times
258(1)
9.4.3.2 Fluorine magnetic resonance
259(7)
9.5 Conclusion
266(17)
10 Neural Stem Cells
283(28)
Markus Aswendt
Philipp Boehm-Sturm
Mathias Hoehn
10.1 Introduction
283(1)
10.2 Neural Stem Cells Used for Cell Therapy
284(5)
10.2.1 Definition
284(2)
10.2.2 Mechanisms of Action in Therapy
286(1)
10.2.3 19F MRI of NSCs
287(2)
10.3 Labeling NSCs for in vivo Tracking Using 19F MRI
289(6)
10.3.1 19F Cell Labels
289(2)
10.3.2 Optimization of 19F Cellular Uptake
291(1)
10.3.3 Cell Characterization
292(3)
10.4 In vitro and in vivo 19F MRI of NSCs
295(2)
10.4.1 Cell Preparation and Implantation
295(1)
10.4.2 Imaging Hardware and Pulse Sequences
295(1)
10.4.3 Estimating Cell Detection Limit
296(1)
10.5 Validation
297(2)
10.5.1 Determining the Location of Transplanted Cells and the 19F Cell Label by Histology
297(2)
10.5.2 Multimodal Approaches: The Better Imaging?
299(1)
10.6 Summary
299(12)
Part 5: Pharmacology
11 Fluorinated Natural Compounds and Synthetic Drugs
311(34)
Thoralf Niendorf
Yiyi Ji
Sonia Waiczies
11.1 Introduction
311(1)
11.2 Organofluorine Compounds
312(13)
11.2.1 Naturally Occurring Organofluorine Compounds
312(2)
11.2.2 Redesign and Scale-Up of Natural Synthesis
314(1)
11.2.3 Organofluorine Synthesis
315(1)
11.2.4 Advantages of Incorporating Fluorine to Bioactive Molecules
316(1)
11.2.4.1 Changes in polarity
317(1)
11.2.4.2 Influence on lipophilicity
317(1)
11.2.4.3 Changes in the acid dissociation constant
318(1)
11.2.4.4 Influence on metabolic stability
318(1)
11.2.5 Organofluorine Compounds in Medicinal Chemistry
319(1)
11.2.5.1 Fluorine in the pharmaceutical industry
320(5)
11.3 Fluorine MR-Based Spectroscopy
11.3.1 Pharmacokinetic Studies Employing 19F MR Spectroscopy
325(1)
11.3.2 Methods of Studying 19F Drugs in vivo
326(1)
11.3.2.1 From in vitro to animal and human 19F MRS studies
327(1)
11.3.2.2 19F MR imaging studies of fluorinated drugs
329(1)
11.3.2.3 19F MRI of fluorinated drugs at ultrahigh magnetic field strength
329(1)
11.3.2.4 The future
331(1)
11.4 Conclusion
332(13)
Part 6: Other Biomedical Applications
12 Imaging of the Respiratory System
345(34)
Marcus J. Couch
Alexei V. Ouriadov
Mitchell S. Albert
12.1 Introduction
346(1)
12.2 1H MRI of the Lung
347(2)
12.3 Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MRI
349(2)
12.4 Properties of Inert Fluorinated Gas MRI
351(3)
12.5 Static Breath-Hold Imaging
354(5)
12.6 Dynamic Imaging
359(3)
12.7 Diffusion Imaging
362(2)
12.8 V/Q Measurement
364(2)
12.9 Gravitational Distribution
366(2)
12.10 Conclusions
368(11)
13 Tracking of Capsules and Catheters in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract
379(28)
Andreas Steingotter
Tobias Hahn
13.1 19F for GI Applications
379(4)
13.1.1 Gastrointestinal (GI) Function
379(1)
13.1.2 Imaging of GI Function
380(1)
13.1.3 Monitoring of GI Drug Delivery
381(1)
13.1.4 Requirements for Combined 19F/1H MRI of the GI Tract
382(1)
13.2 19F Labeling of Capsules and Catheters
383(5)
13.2.1 Dual-Shell 19F Capsule
384(2)
13.2.2 Single-Shell 19F Capsule
386(1)
13.2.3 19F-Labeled GI Catheter
387(1)
13.3 In vivo 19F Tracking: Methodology and Application
388(8)
13.3.1 Tracking by Cartesian Projection
388(2)
13.3.2 In vivo Dual Compound Tracking by Cartesian Projection
390(3)
13.3.3 Tracking Multiple 19F Signal Sources by 3D Golden Angle Radial Imaging
393(3)
13.4 Real-Time 19F Tracking System
396(4)
13.5 Conclusion and Outlook
400(7)
Part 7: Perspectives
14 Perfluorocarbon Theranostic Nanomedicines: Pharmaceutical Scientist's Perspective
407(26)
Jelena M. Janjic
Sravan K. Patel
14.1 Theranostic Nanomedicines as Future Medicines
407(4)
14.2 Perfluorocarbons as Building Blocks for Theranostic Nanomedicines
411(1)
14.3 Triphasic Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions as a Theranostic Platform
412(5)
14.4 Macrophage-Targeted Perfluorocarbon Theranostic Nanoemulsions
417(5)
14.5 Pharmaceutical Perspective on Perfluorocarbon Theranostics
422(2)
14.6 Conclusions
424(9)
Index 433
Ulrich Flögel is professor of experimental cardiovascular imaging at the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany. His research focuses on the interplay of function, energetics, metabolism, and inflammation and its role in the development of cardiovascular diseases using innovative multinuclear MRI/MRS techniques.

Eric Ahrens is professor of radiology and director of Stem Cell Molecular Imaging at the University of California, San Diego. His research focuses on adapting MRI to visualize cellular and molecular events in vivo. His lab is developing novel materials and methods for MRI-based cell tracking that are used for monitoring cell therapies and cellular immunological processes.
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