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E-raamat: Formal Methods: Industrial Use from Model to the Code

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-May-2013
  • Kirjastus: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118614372
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Formal Methods: Industrial Use from Model to the CodeSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-May-2013
  • Kirjastus: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118614372
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Although formal analysis programming techniques may be quite old, the introduction of formal methods only dates from the 1980s. These techniques enable us to analyze the behavior of a software application, described in a programming language. It took until the end of the 1990s before formal methods or the B method could be implemented in industrial applications or be usable in an industrial setting. Current literature only gives students and researchers very general overviews of formal methods. The purpose of this book is to present feedback from experience on the use of formal methods (such as proof and model-checking) in industrial examples within the transportation domain. This book is based on the experience of people who are currently involved in the creation and evaluation of safety critical system software. The involvement of people from within the industry allows us to avoid the usual problems of confidentiality which could arise and thus enables us to supply new useful information (photos, architecture plans, real examples, etc.). Topics covered by the chapters of this book include SAET-METEOR, the B method and B tools, model-based design using Simulink, the Simulink design verifier proof tool, the implementation and applications of SCADE (Safety Critical Application Development Environment), GATeL: A V&V Platform for SCADE models and ControlBuild.

Contents

1. From Classic Languages to Formal Methods, Jean-Louis Boulanger. 2. Formal Method in the Railway Sector the First Complex Application: SAET-METEOR, Jean-Louis Boulanger. 3. The B Method and B Tools, Jean-Louis Boulanger. 4. Model-Based Design Using Simulink Modeling, Code Generation, Verification, and Validation, Mirko Conrad and Pieter J. Mosterman. 5. Proving Global Properties with the Aid of the SIMULINK DESIGN VERIFIER Proof Tool, Véronique Delebarre and Jean-Frédéric Etienne. 6. SCADE: Implementation and Applications, Jean-Louis Camus. 7. GATeL: A V&V Platform for SCADE Models, Bruno Marre, Benjamin Bianc, Patricia Mouy and Christophe Junke. 8. ControlBuild, a Development Framework for Control Engineering, Franck Corbier. 9. Conclusion, Jean-Louis Boulanger.
Introduction xi
Jean-Louis Boulanger
Chapter 1 From Classic Languages to Formal Methods
1(54)
Jean-Louis Boulanger
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Classic development
2(31)
1.2.1 Development process
2(4)
1.2.2 Coding
6(12)
1.2.3 Specification and architecture
18(9)
1.2.4 Verification and validation (V & V)
27(6)
1.2.5 Summary
33(1)
1.3 Structured, semi-formal and/or formal methods
33(6)
1.3.1 E/E/PE system
33(2)
1.3.2 Rail sector
35(1)
1.3.3 Taking into account techniques and formal methods
36(3)
1.4 Formal methods
39(6)
1.4.1 Principles
39(1)
1.4.2 Examples of formal methods
39(6)
1.5 Conclusion
45(4)
1.6 Bibliography
49(6)
Chapter 2 Formal Method in the Railway Sector the First Complex Application: SAET-METEOR
55(72)
Jean-Louis Boulanger
2.1 Introduction
55(1)
2.2 About SAET-METEOR
56(6)
2.2.1 Decomposition of the SAET-METEOR
57(4)
2.2.2 Anticollision functions
61(1)
2.2.3 Restrictions
62(1)
2.3 The supplier realization process
62(16)
2.3.1 Historical context
62(2)
2.3.2 The hardware aspect
64(3)
2.3.3 The software aspect
67(11)
2.3.4 Assessment of the processes
78(1)
2.4 Process of verification and validation set up by RATP
78(36)
2.4.1 Context
78(1)
2.4.2 RATP methodology
79(1)
2.4.3 Verification carried out by RATP
79(24)
2.4.4 Validation
103(9)
2.4.5 Assessment of RATP activity
112(2)
2.5 Assessment of the global approach
114(1)
2.6 Conclusion
115(1)
2.7 Appendix
116(6)
2.7.1 Object of the track
116(4)
2.7.2 Block logic
120(2)
2.8 Bibliography
122(5)
Chapter 3 The B Method and B Tools
127(32)
Jean-Louis Boulanger
3.1 Introduction
127(1)
3.2 The B method
128(9)
3.2.1 The concept of abstract machines
128(5)
3.2.2 Machines with implementations
133(4)
3.3 Verification and validation (V & V)
137(4)
3.3.1 Internal verification
137(4)
3.4 B tools
141(5)
3.4.1 General principles
141(1)
3.4.2 Code generation
142(1)
3.4.3 Prover
142(2)
3.4.4 Atelier B
144(2)
3.5 Methodology
146(4)
3.5.1 Layered development
146(2)
3.5.2 Link between the project structure and the POs
148(1)
3.5.3 Cycle of development of a B project
148(2)
3.6 Feedback
150(5)
3.6.1 Some figures
150(1)
3.6.2 Some users
151(4)
3.7 Conclusion
155(1)
3.8 Bibliography
155(4)
Chapter 4 Model-Based Design Using Simulink - Modeling, Code Generation, Verification, and Validation
159(24)
Mirko Conrad
Pieter J. Mosterman
4.1 Introduction
159(3)
4.2 Embedded software development using Model-Based Design
162(2)
4.3 Case study - an electronic throttle control system
164(9)
4.3.1 System overview
164(1)
4.3.2 Simulink® model
164(5)
4.3.3 Automatic code generation
169(1)
4.3.4 Code optimization
170(1)
4.3.5 Fixed-point code
170(2)
4.3.6 Including legacy code
172(1)
4.3.7 Importing interface definitions
172(1)
4.3.8 Importing algorithms
173(1)
4.4 Verification and validation of models and generated code
173(4)
4.4.1 Integrating verification and validation with Model-Based Design
173(2)
4.4.2 Design verification
175(1)
4.4.3 Reviews and static analyses at the model level
175(1)
4.4.4 Module and integration testing at the model level
175(1)
4.4.5 Code verification
176(1)
4.4.6 Back-to-back comparison testing between model and code
176(1)
4.4.7 Measures to prevent unintended functionality
176(1)
4.5 Compliance with safety standards
177(1)
4.6 Conclusion
178(1)
4.7 Bibliography
178(5)
Chapter 5 Proving Global Properties with the Aid of the SIMULINK DESIGN VERIFIER Proof Tool
183(42)
Veronique Delebarre
Jean-Frederic Etienne
5.1 Introduction
183(1)
5.2 Formal proof or verification method
184(9)
5.2.1 Model verification
186(3)
5.2.2 Formal methods, and proof of correction
189(3)
5.2.3 Combining models and proof tools
192(1)
5.3 Implementation of the SIMULINK DESIGN VERIFIER tool
193(18)
5.3.1 Reminders of the MATLAB modeling and verification environment
194(7)
5.3.2 Case study
201(3)
5.3.3 Modeling
204(7)
5.3.4 Modeling
211(1)
5.4 Experience feedback and methodological aspects
211(7)
5.4.1 Modeling rules and convergence control
211(2)
5.4.2 Modular proof phase
213(1)
5.4.3 Proof of global properties
214(3)
5.4.4 Detection of counterexamples
217(1)
5.5 Study case feedback and conclusions
218(2)
5.5.1 SIMULINK model
218(1)
5.5.2 Proofs achieved
218(2)
5.5.3 Incremental verification approach
220(1)
5.6 Contributions of the methodology compared with the EN50128 normative referential
220(2)
5.7 Bibliography
222(3)
Chapter 6 SCADE: Implementation and Applications
225(48)
Jean-Louis Camus
6.1 Introduction
225(1)
6.2 Issues of embedded safety-critical software
225(3)
6.2.1 Characteristics of embedded safety-critical software
225(1)
6.2.2 Architecture of an embedded safety-critical application
226(1)
6.2.3 Criticality and normative requirements for embedded safety-critical applications
226(1)
6.2.4 Complexity, cost and delays
227(1)
6.3 Origins of SCADE
228(3)
6.3.1 Introduction
228(1)
6.3.2 Initial industrial approaches
228(2)
6.3.3 "Real-time" extensions of current languages
230(1)
6.3.4 Synchronous formal languages dedicated to "real-time" created in laboratories
230(1)
6.3.5 Birth of SCADE
231(1)
6.4 The SCADE data-flow language
231(9)
6.4.1 Introduction
231(1)
6.4.2 Synchronous language
232(1)
6.4.3 "Data-flow" functional language
233(1)
6.4.4 Scalar data types
234(1)
6.4.5 Structured data types
235(1)
6.4.6 Clocks, temporal operators, and causality
235(2)
6.4.7 Selectors
237(1)
6.4.8 Imperative structures
238(1)
6.4.9 Rigor and functional safety
239(1)
6.5 Conclusion: extensions of languages for controllers and iterative processing
240(6)
6.5.1 Objectives
240(1)
6.5.2 Control flow
241(2)
6.5.3 Iterative processing
243(3)
6.6 The SCADE system
246(10)
6.6.1 Outline of the SCADE workbench
246(1)
6.6.2 Model verification
247(5)
6.6.3 Performance prediction
252(1)
6.6.4 The qualified code generator
253(3)
6.7 Application of SCADE in the aeronautical industry
256(5)
6.7.1 History: Aerospatiale and Thales Avionique
256(1)
6.7.2 Control/command type applications
257(3)
6.7.3 Monitoring/alarm type applications
260(1)
6.7.4 Navigation systems
261(1)
6.8 Application of SCADE in the rail industry
261(4)
6.8.1 First applications
262(1)
6.8.2 Applications developed for the RATP and other French metros
262(1)
6.8.3 Generic PAI-NG applications
263(1)
6.8.4 Example of automated door control
264(1)
6.9 Application of SCADE in the nuclear and other industries
265(4)
6.9.1 Applications in the nuclear industry
265(3)
6.9.2 Deployment of SCADE in the civil nuclear industry
268(1)
6.10 Conclusion
269(1)
6.11 Bibliography
270(3)
Chapter 7 GATeL: A V & V Platform for SCADE Models
273(14)
Bruno Marre
Benjamin Bianc
Patricia Mouy
Christophe Junke
7.1 Introduction
273(2)
7.2 SCADE language
275(1)
7.3 GATeL prerequisites
276(3)
7.3.1 GATeL kernel
277(1)
7.3.2 Example
278(1)
7.4 Assistance in the design of test selection strategies
279(4)
7.4.1 Unfolding of SCADE operators
279(2)
7.4.2 Functional scenarios
281(2)
7.5 Performances
283(1)
7.6 Conclusion
284(1)
7.7 Bibliography
285(2)
Chapter 8 ControlBuild, a Development Framework for Control Engineering
287(38)
Franck Corbier
8.1 Introduction
287(2)
8.2 Development of the control system
289(11)
8.2.1 ERTMS
290(1)
8.2.2 Development process equipment
291(2)
8.2.3 A component-based approach
293(1)
8.2.4 Development methodology
294(6)
8.3 Formalisms used
300(11)
8.3.1 Assembly editor
301(1)
8.3.2 IEC1131-3 languages for embedded control
302(7)
8.3.3 Electrical schematics for conventional control
309(2)
8.3.4 Electromechanical and physical environment
311(1)
8.4 Safety arrangements
311(7)
8.4.1 Metrics
313(1)
8.4.2 Assertions
314(1)
8.4.3 Automatic test procedure execution
314(1)
8.4.4 Functional tests
315(1)
8.4.5 Code coverage
315(1)
8.4.6 SSIL2 code generation
315(1)
8.4.7 Management of the project documentation
316(1)
8.4.8 Traceability of requirements
317(1)
8.5 Examples of railway use cases
318(5)
8.5.1 Specification validation
318(1)
8.5.2 TCMS development
319(1)
8.5.3 Progressive integration bench - HiL
320(3)
8.6 Conclusion
323(1)
8.7 Bibliography
323(2)
Chapter 9 Conclusion
325(20)
Jean-Louis Boulanger
9.1 Introduction
325(1)
9.2 Problems
326(1)
9.3 Summary
327(5)
9.3.1 Model verification
327(1)
9.3.2 Properties and requirements
328(2)
9.3.3 Implementation of formal methods
330(2)
9.4 Implementing formal methods
332(5)
9.4.1 Conventional process
332(1)
9.4.2 Process accounting for formal methods
333(2)
9.4.3 Problems
335(2)
9.5 Realization of a software application
337(2)
9.6 Conclusion
339(1)
9.7 Bibliography
340(5)
Glossary 345(6)
List of Authors 351(2)
Index 353
Jean-Louis Boulanger is an Independent Safety Assessor (ISA) in the railway domain for software.
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