Preface |
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xi | |
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1 | (28) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Coordinate Systems on a Sphere |
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3 | (6) |
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9 | (7) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.5 Solar and Sidereal Time |
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17 | (8) |
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25 | (4) |
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2 Emergence Of Modern Astronomy |
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29 | (32) |
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2.1 Early Greek Astronomy |
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29 | (5) |
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34 | (4) |
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38 | (9) |
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2.4 Galileo: The First Modern Scientist |
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47 | (3) |
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2.5 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion |
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50 | (2) |
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2.6 Proof of the Earth's Motion |
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52 | (9) |
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2.6.1 Rotation of the Earth |
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53 | (4) |
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2.6.2 Revolution of the Earth |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (22) |
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3.1 Deriving Kepler's Laws |
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62 | (12) |
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3.1.1 Kepler's Second Law |
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62 | (4) |
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66 | (6) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (5) |
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83 | (28) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (8) |
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4.3 Limits on the Size of Orbits |
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92 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Minimum Orbit Size: Roche Limit |
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93 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Maximum Orbit Size: Hill Radius |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (9) |
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5 Interaction Of Radiation And Matter |
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111 | (35) |
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111 | (7) |
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118 | (3) |
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5.3 Emission and Absorption Spectra |
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121 | (6) |
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5.4 The Equation of Radiative Transfer |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (3) |
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5.6 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (9) |
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6 Astronomical Detection Of Light |
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146 | (26) |
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6.1 The Telescope as a Camera |
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146 | (5) |
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6.2 Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes |
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151 | (4) |
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155 | (4) |
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6.4 Astronomical Instruments and Detectors |
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159 | (2) |
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6.5 Observations and Photon Counting |
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161 | (4) |
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6.6 Observations at Other Wavelengths |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (4) |
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172 | (22) |
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7.1 Observable Layers of the Sun |
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172 | (9) |
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181 | (8) |
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7.3 Angular Momentum of the Sun |
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189 | (5) |
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8 Overview Of The Solar System |
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194 | (15) |
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194 | (2) |
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8.2 Physical Properties of Planets |
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196 | (7) |
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8.3 Formation of the Solar System |
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203 | (6) |
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209 | (23) |
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209 | (4) |
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9.2 The Earth's Atmosphere |
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213 | (7) |
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9.3 The Earth's Magnetosphere |
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220 | (1) |
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9.4 The Moon's Interior and Surface |
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221 | (6) |
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9.5 The Origin of the Moon |
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227 | (5) |
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Appendix: Radioactive Dating |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (34) |
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232 | (11) |
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232 | (3) |
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235 | (4) |
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239 | (4) |
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243 | (16) |
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10.2.1 Jupiter and Saturn |
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244 | (8) |
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10.2.2 Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn |
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252 | (4) |
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10.2.3 Uranus and Neptune |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (7) |
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11 Small Bodies In The Solar System |
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266 | (24) |
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266 | (5) |
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11.2 Trans-Neptunian Objects |
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271 | (6) |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (10) |
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12 The Solar System In Perspective |
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290 | (17) |
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12.1 Comparative Planetology Within the Solar System |
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290 | (2) |
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12.2 Origin of the Solar System |
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292 | (2) |
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12.3 Detecting Exoplanets |
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294 | (10) |
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12.4 Properties of Exoplanets |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (29) |
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307 | (2) |
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13.2 How Bright Is a Star? |
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309 | (4) |
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313 | (5) |
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318 | (4) |
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13.5 How Massive Is a Star? |
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322 | (8) |
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322 | (4) |
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13.5.2 Spectroscopic Binaries |
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326 | (3) |
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13.5.3 Eclipsing Binaries |
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329 | (1) |
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13.6 How Are Mass, Radius, and Luminosity Related? |
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330 | (6) |
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Appendix: Determination of Bolometric Corrections |
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332 | (4) |
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336 | (14) |
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14.1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium |
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336 | (3) |
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14.2 Spectral Classification |
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339 | (4) |
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343 | (2) |
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14.4 Hertzsprung--Russell Diagrams |
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345 | (5) |
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350 | (26) |
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15.1 Equations of Stellar Structure |
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350 | (9) |
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15.1.1 Energy Transport in Stars |
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352 | (1) |
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15.1.2 Radiative Transport |
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353 | (3) |
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15.1.3 Convective Transport |
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356 | (3) |
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15.2 Energy Generation in Stars |
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359 | (3) |
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15.3 Nuclear Fusion Reactions |
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362 | (7) |
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15.4 Modeling Stellar Interiors |
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369 | (7) |
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Appendix: Random Walk Processes |
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372 | (4) |
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16 The Interstellar Medium |
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376 | (17) |
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376 | (4) |
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16.1.1 Evidence for Interstellar Dust |
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376 | (2) |
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16.1.2 Observable Effects of Dust on Starlight |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (4) |
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16.3 The Physics of Non-LTE Gases |
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384 | (9) |
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16.3.1 Ionization Balance |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (6) |
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17 Formation And Evolution Of Stars |
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393 | (16) |
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393 | (5) |
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17.2 Evolution of Sun-like Stars |
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398 | (4) |
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17.3 Pulsating Variable Stars |
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402 | (7) |
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409 | (24) |
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410 | (6) |
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18.1.1 Degeneracy Pressure |
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410 | (2) |
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18.1.2 Mass--Radius Relationship |
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412 | (4) |
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18.2 Neutron Stars and Pulsars |
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416 | (7) |
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423 | (3) |
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18.4 Novae and Supernovae |
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426 | (7) |
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433 | (34) |
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19.1 Overview: Morphology of Our Galaxy |
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433 | (6) |
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19.2 Overview: Kinematics and Dynamics of our Galaxy |
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439 | (5) |
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19.3 Local Stellar Motions |
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444 | (4) |
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19.4 The Local Standard of Rest |
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448 | (3) |
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19.5 Differential Rotation of our Galaxy |
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451 | (5) |
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19.6 Determining the Rotation Curve |
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456 | (5) |
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19.7 The Nucleus of our Galaxy |
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461 | (6) |
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467 | (22) |
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20.1 Galaxy Classification |
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468 | (6) |
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474 | (6) |
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20.3 Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxies |
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480 | (2) |
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20.4 Distances to Galaxies |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (5) |
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489 | (22) |
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21.1 Types of Active Galaxies |
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490 | (7) |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (4) |
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495 | (2) |
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21.2 Accretion by Supermassive Black Holes |
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497 | (4) |
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497 | (1) |
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21.2.2 The Eddington Limit |
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497 | (2) |
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499 | (2) |
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21.3 The Structure of AGNs and Unified Models |
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501 | (2) |
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21.4 Quasars over Cosmic History |
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503 | (2) |
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21.5 Probing the Intergalactic Medium |
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505 | (6) |
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Appendix: Superluminal Radio Sources |
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506 | (5) |
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22 Clusters And Superclusters |
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511 | (15) |
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22.1 Clusters of Galaxies |
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511 | (4) |
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22.2 When Galaxies Collide! |
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515 | (5) |
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22.3 Superclusters and Voids |
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520 | (6) |
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526 | (25) |
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23.1 Basic Cosmological Observations |
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527 | (6) |
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23.2 Cosmology a la Newton |
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533 | (3) |
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23.3 Cosmology a la Einstein |
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536 | (7) |
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23.4 Metrics of Spacetime |
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543 | (3) |
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23.5 The Friedmann Equation |
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546 | (5) |
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24 History Of The Universe |
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551 | (24) |
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551 | (8) |
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24.2 The Accelerating Universe |
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559 | (5) |
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564 | (4) |
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24.4 The Very Early Universe |
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568 | (7) |
A Astronomical Data |
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575 | (8) |
Bibliography |
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583 | (2) |
Credits |
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585 | (4) |
Index |
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589 | |