Preface |
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xi | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (14) |
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1.1 Overview of LED Lighting |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 Development Trends of LED Packaging and Applications |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3 Three Key Issues of Optical Design of LED Lighting |
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7 | (3) |
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1.3.1 System Luminous Efficiency |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Controllable Light Pattern |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Spatial Color Uniformity |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4 Introduction of Freeform Optics |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (3) |
2 Review of Main Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting |
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15 | (10) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2 Tailored Design Method |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.4 Light Energy Mapping Design Method |
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18 | (1) |
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2.5 Generalized Functional Design Method |
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19 | (3) |
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2.6 Design Method for Uniform Illumination with Multiple Sources |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
3 Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting |
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25 | (46) |
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25 | (1) |
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3.2 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens-Point Source |
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25 | (17) |
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3.2.1 Freeform Lens for Large Emitting Angles |
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26 | (7) |
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3.2.1.1 Step 1. Establish a Light Energy Mapping Relationship between the Light Source and Target |
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27 | (4) |
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3.2.1.2 Step 2. Construct a Freeform Lens |
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31 | (2) |
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3.2.1.3 Step 3. Validation and Optimization |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2.2 TIR-Freeform Lens for Small Emitting Angle |
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33 | (6) |
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3.2.3 Circularly Symmetrical Double Surfaces Freeform Lens |
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39 | (3) |
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3.3 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens-Extended Source |
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42 | (6) |
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3.3.1.1 Step 1. Construction of a Point Source Freeform Lens |
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45 | (1) |
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3.3.1.2 Step 2. Calculation of Feedback Optimization Ratios |
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45 | (1) |
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3.3.1.3 Step 3. Grids Redivision of the Target Plane and Light Source |
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46 | (1) |
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3.3.1.4 Step 4. Rebuild the Energy Relationship between the Light Source and Target Plane |
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46 | (1) |
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3.3.1.5 Step 5. Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source |
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47 | (1) |
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3.3.1.6 Step 6. Ray-Tracing Simulation and Feedback Reversing Optimization |
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47 | (1) |
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3.4 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens-Point Source |
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48 | (12) |
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3.4.1 Discontinuous Freeform Lens Algorithm |
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49 | (6) |
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3.4.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of a Light Energy Mapping Relationship |
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49 | (3) |
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3.4.1.2 Step 2. Construction of the Lens |
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52 | (3) |
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3.4.1.3 Step 3. Validation of Lens Design |
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55 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Continuous Freeform Lens Algorithm |
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55 | (8) |
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3.4.2.1 Radiate Grid Light Energy Mapping |
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57 | (1) |
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3.4.2.2 Rectangular Grid Light Energy Mapping |
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58 | (2) |
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3.5 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens-Extended Source |
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60 | (3) |
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3.5.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of the Light Energy Mapping Relationship |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5.1.2 Step 2. Construction of a Freeform Lens |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5.1.3 Step 3. Validation of Lens Design |
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62 | (1) |
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3.6 Reversing the Design Method for Uniform Illumination of LED Arrays |
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63 | (5) |
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3.6.1 Reversing the Design Method of LIDC for Uniform Illumination |
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64 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for the Required LIDC |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (3) |
4 Application-Specific LED Package Integrated with a Freeform Lens |
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71 | (28) |
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4.1 Application-Specific LED Package (ASLP) Design Concept |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (13) |
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4.2.1 Design Method of a Compact Freeform Lens |
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72 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Design of the ASLP Module |
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73 | (3) |
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73 | (1) |
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4.2.2.2 Design of a Compact Freeform Lens |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Numerical Analyses and Tolerance Analyses |
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76 | (11) |
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4.2.3.1 Numerical Simulation and Analyses |
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76 | (1) |
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4.2.3.2 Tolerance Analyses |
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77 | (4) |
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81 | (4) |
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85 | (2) |
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4.4 ASLP System Integrated with Multiple Functions |
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87 | (9) |
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89 | (2) |
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4.4.1.1 Problem Statement |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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4.4.1.3 Design of a Freeform Lens |
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90 | (1) |
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4.4.1.4 Simulation of Lighting Performance |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (3) |
5 Freeform Optics for LED Indoor Lighting |
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99 | (26) |
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99 | (1) |
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5.2 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source |
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99 | (9) |
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5.2.1 A Freeform Lens for a Philip Lumileds K2 LED |
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100 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Freeform Lens for a CREE XLamp XR-E LED |
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103 | (5) |
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5.3 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with an Extended Source |
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108 | (2) |
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5.3.1 Target Plane Grids Optimization |
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108 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Light Source Grids Optimization |
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108 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Target Plane and Light Source Grids Coupling Optimization |
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109 | (1) |
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5.4 A Small-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source |
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110 | (3) |
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5.5 A Double-Surface Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination |
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113 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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5.6 A Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination of an LED High Bay Lamp Array |
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117 | (7) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (8) |
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5.6.2.1 Algorithms and Design Procedure |
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118 | (1) |
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5.6.2.2 Optical Structures |
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119 | (2) |
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5.6.2.3 Monte Carlo Optical Simulation |
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121 | (3) |
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124 | (1) |
6 Freeform Optics for LED Road Lighting |
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125 | (56) |
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125 | (1) |
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6.2 The Optical Design Concept of LED Road Lighting |
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126 | (5) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Glare Restriction Threshold Increment |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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6.3 Discontinuous Freeform Lenses (DFLs) for LED Road Lighting |
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131 | (23) |
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6.3.1 Design of DFLs for Rectangular Radiation Patterns |
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131 | (3) |
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6.3.1.1 Step 1. Optical Modeling for an LED |
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131 | (2) |
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6.3.1.2 Step 2. Freeform Lens Design |
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133 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Simulation Illumination Performance and Tolerance Analyses |
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134 | (5) |
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6.3.3 Experimental Analyses |
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139 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the Lighting Performance |
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139 | (13) |
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6.3.4.1 Surface Morphology |
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144 | (2) |
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6.3.4.2 Optical Performance Testing |
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146 | (4) |
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6.3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion |
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150 | (2) |
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6.3.5 Case Study-LED Road Lamps Based on DFLs |
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152 | (2) |
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6.4 Continuous Freeform Lens (CFL) for LED Road Lighting |
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154 | (10) |
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6.4.1 CFL Based on the Radiate Grid Mapping Method |
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154 | (1) |
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6.4.2 CFL Based on the Rectangular Grid Mapping Method |
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154 | (4) |
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6.4.3 Spatial Color Uniformity Analyses of a Continuous Freeform Lens |
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158 | (6) |
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6.5 Freeform Lens for an LED Road Lamp with Uniform Luminance |
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164 | (10) |
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164 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Combined Design Method for Uniform Luminance in Road Lighting |
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166 | (5) |
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6.5.3 Freeform Lens Design Method for Uniform-Luminance Road Lighting |
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171 | (3) |
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6.6 Asymmetrical CFLs with a High Light Energy Utilization Ratio |
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174 | (4) |
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6.7 Modularized LED Road Lamp Based on Freeform Optics |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
7 Freeform Optics for a Direct-Lit LED Backlighting Unit |
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181 | (50) |
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181 | (2) |
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7.2 Optical Design Concept of a Direct-Lit LED BLU |
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183 | (3) |
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7.3 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with a Large DHR |
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186 | (5) |
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7.4 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source |
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191 | (12) |
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7.4.1 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source |
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194 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Design Method of a Freeform Lens for Extended Source Uniform Illumination |
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195 | (3) |
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7.4.2.1 Step 1. Calculation of FORS |
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196 | (1) |
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7.4.2.2 Step 2. Energy Grids Division for an Extended Source |
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197 | (1) |
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7.4.2.3 Step 3. Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source |
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198 | (1) |
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7.4.2.4 Step 4. Ray-Tracing Simulation and Circulation Feedback Optimization |
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198 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Freeform Lenses for Direct-Lit BLUs with an Extended Source |
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198 | (5) |
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7.5 Petal-Shaped Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs |
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203 | (7) |
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7.5.1 Optical Co-design from the System Level of BLUs |
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203 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Optimization of a High-Efficiency LIDC for BEFs |
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203 | (3) |
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7.5.3 Petal-Shaped Freeform Lenses, and ASLPs for High-Efficiency BLUs |
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206 | (4) |
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7.6 BEF-Adaptive Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs |
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210 | (9) |
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7.6.1 Design Concept and Method |
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210 | (3) |
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7.6.1.1 Step 1. Finding Out the Best Incident Angle Range |
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211 | (1) |
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7.6.1.2 Step 2. Redistribution of Original Output LIDC |
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212 | (1) |
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7.6.1.3 Step 3. Construction of a BEF-Adaptive Lens |
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213 | (1) |
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7.6.2 BEF-Adaptive Lens Design Case |
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213 | (6) |
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7.6.2.1 Basic Setup of a BLU |
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213 | (1) |
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7.6.2.2 Design Results and Optical Validation |
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214 | (5) |
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7.7 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with Large DHR, Extended Source and Near Field |
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219 | (9) |
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220 | (3) |
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7.7.1.1 IDF of Single Extended Source |
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220 | (1) |
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7.7.1.2 IDF of Freeform Lens |
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221 | (1) |
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7.7.1.3 Construction of Freeform Lens |
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222 | (1) |
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7.7.1.4 Ray Tracing Simulation and Verification |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (5) |
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228 | (3) |
8 Freeform Optics for LED Automotive Headlamps |
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231 | (38) |
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231 | (1) |
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8.2 Optical Regulations of Low-Beam and High-Beam Light |
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231 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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8.3 Application-Specific LED Packaging for Headlamps |
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234 | (5) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Strip Shape Emitter with a Sharp Cutoff |
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236 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Small Thermal Resistance of Packaging |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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8.3.6 Types of LED Packaging Modules for Headlamps |
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238 | (1) |
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8.4 Freeform Lens for High-Efficiency LED Headlamps |
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239 | (11) |
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239 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Freeform Lens Design Methods |
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239 | (4) |
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8.4.2.1 Design of Collection Optics |
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240 | (1) |
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8.4.2.2 Design of Refraction Optics |
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241 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Design Case of a Freeform Lens for Low-Beam and High-Beam |
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243 | (6) |
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8.4.3.1 Design of a Low-Beam Lens |
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244 | (2) |
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8.4.3.2 Design of a High-Beam Lens |
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246 | (3) |
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8.4.4 Design Case of a Freeform Lens for a Low-Beam Headlamp Module |
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249 | (1) |
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8.5 Freeform Optics Integrated PES for an LED Headlamp |
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250 | (5) |
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8.6 Freeform Optics Integrated MR for an LED Headlamp |
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255 | (3) |
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8.7 LED Headlamps Based on Both PES and MR Reflectors |
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258 | (4) |
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8.8 LED Module Integrated with Low-Beam and High-Beam |
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262 | (4) |
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266 | (3) |
9 Freeform Optics for Emerging LED Applications |
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269 | (38) |
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269 | (1) |
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9.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Freeform Lens for an LED Pico-Projector |
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269 | (14) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (2) |
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9.2.2.1 Defect of a Refracting Freeform Surface for Illumination with a Small Output Angle |
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271 | (1) |
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9.2.2.2 Problem of an Extended Light Source |
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272 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Integral Freeform Illumination Lens Design Based on an LED's Light Source |
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273 | (6) |
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9.2.3.1 Freeform TIR Lens Design |
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273 | (1) |
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9.2.3.2 Top Surface Design of the TIR Lens |
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273 | (6) |
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9.2.4 Optimization of the Integral Freeform Illumination Lens |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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9.2.6 LED Pico-Projector Based on the Designed Freeform Lens |
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281 | (2) |
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9.3 Freeform Lens Array Optical System for an LED Stage Light |
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283 | (7) |
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9.3.1 Design of a One-Dimensional Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array |
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285 | (2) |
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9.3.1.1 Part 1. Gridding of the One-Dimensional Target Plane |
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285 | (1) |
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9.3.1.2 Part 2. Algorithm of a One-Dimensional Freeform Microstructure |
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285 | (2) |
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9.3.1.3 Part 3. Optical Simulation Results of the Optical System |
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287 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Design of a Rectangular Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array |
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287 | (3) |
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9.3.2.1 Part 1. Algorithm of the Rectangular Freeform Structure |
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288 | (2) |
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9.3.2.2 Part 2. Optical Simulation Results of the Optical System |
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290 | (1) |
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9.4 Freeform Optics for a LED Airport Taxiway Light |
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290 | (7) |
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290 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Requirement Statement |
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291 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Design Method of an Optical System |
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291 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Simulation and Optimization |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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9.4.6 Design of an LED Taxiway Centerline Lamp |
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295 | (2) |
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9.5 Freeform Optics for LED Searchlights |
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297 | (8) |
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297 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Freeform Lens Design of a Small Divergence Angle |
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298 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Improving Methods and Tolerance Analysis |
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301 | (8) |
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9.5.3.1 The Design of a Freeform Lens and Parabolic Reflector |
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301 | (3) |
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9.5.3.2 Tolerance Analysis |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
10 Freeform Optics for LED Lighting with High Spatial Color Uniformity |
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307 | (28) |
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307 | (1) |
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10.2 Optical Design Concept |
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308 | (1) |
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10.3 Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU |
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309 | (14) |
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10.3.1 Optical Design, Molding, and Simulation |
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309 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Tolerance Analyses |
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312 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Secondary Freeform Lens for a High SCU |
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313 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Experimental Analyses |
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314 | (9) |
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10.4 TIR-Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU |
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323 | (9) |
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323 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Design Principle for a High SCU |
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325 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Design Method of the Modified TIR-Freeform Lens |
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325 | (3) |
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10.4.4 Optimization Results and Discussions |
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328 | (4) |
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332 | (3) |
Appendix: Codes of Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting |
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335 | (16) |
Index |
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351 | |