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E-raamat: Functional Materials: For Energy, Sustainable Development and Biomedical Sciences

Contributions by , Contributions by , Contributions by , Contributions by , Contributions by , Contributions by , Edited by , Preface by , Contributions by , Edited by
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  • Sari: De Gruyter Textbook
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2014
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783110388190
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: De Gruyter Textbook
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2014
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783110388190

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"Functional Materials textbook is not simply a review of the vast body of literature of the recent years, as it holds the focus upon various aspects of application. Moreover, it selects only a few topics in favor of a solid and thorough treatment of the relevant aspects. This book comes in a good time, when a large body of academic literature has been accumulated and is waiting for a critical inspection in the light of the real demands of application." Professor Gerhard Wegner, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany The chapters cover three important fields in the development of functional materials: energy, environment, and biomedical applications. These topics are explained and discussed from both an experimental and a theoretical perspective. Functional organic and inorganic materials are at the center of most technological breakthroughs. Therefore, the understanding of material properties is fundamental to the development of novel functionalities and applications.
Foreword v
Preface vii
Contributing authors xvii
About the editors xxiii
R. Gauvin
1 Introduction
1(8)
Part I Functional materials: Synthesis and applications
2 A primer on polymer colloids: structure, synthesis and colloidal stability
9(28)
A. Al Shboul
F. Pierre
J. P. Claverie
2.1 Introduction
9(1)
2.2 Polymer colloids inside out
10(7)
2.2.1 How many polymer chains per particle?
10(1)
2.2.2 How many particles?
10(2)
2.2.3 Are the chains immobile within the nanoparticle?
12(1)
2.2.4 Morphology of polymeric nanoparticles
13(4)
2.3 Preparation of polymer nanoparticles
17(9)
2.3.1 Emulsion polymerization
18(4)
2.3.2 Miniemulsion polymerization
22(2)
2.3.3 Microemulsion polymerization
24(1)
2.3.4 Self-assembly in selective solvents
25(1)
2.4 Colloidal stabilization
26(11)
2.4.1 Electrostatic stabilization
26(4)
2.4.2 Steric stabilization
30(1)
2.4.3 Depletion stabilization
31(2)
2.4.4 Future directions
33(4)
3 Synthesis, functionalization and properties of fullerenes and graphene materials
37(24)
S. Rondeau-Gagne
J.-F. Morin
3.1 Introduction
37(1)
3.2 Fullerenes
37(10)
3.2.1 General considerations
38(1)
3.2.2 Synthesis and purification of fullerenes
39(1)
3.2.3 Chemical and physical properties of C60
40(2)
3.2.4 Chemical functionalization of C60
42(3)
3.2.5 Applications
45(2)
3.3 Graphene
47(14)
3.3.1 Production of graphene
49(3)
3.3.2 Graphene in energy conversion devices
52(9)
4 Ordered mesoporous silica: synthesis and applications
61(40)
J. Florek
R. Guillet-Nicolas
F. Kleitz
4.1 Introduction
61(1)
4.2 Ordered mesoporous silica (OMS)
62(16)
4.2.1 Principle of synthesis
63(6)
4.2.2 Mesostructure diversity and tailoring
69(9)
4.3 Functionalization of ordered mesoporous silica
78(2)
4.4 Morphology control
80(2)
4.5 Selected applications of functionalized ordered mesoporous silica
82(19)
4.5.1 Functionalized MSNs as controlled drug delivery platforms
83(5)
4.5.2 Functionalized mesoporous materials for extraction chromatography (EXC) applications
88(3)
4.5.3 Mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid membranes for water desalination
91(10)
5 Nanoparticles: Properties and applications
101(20)
A. Ritcey
5.1 Introduction
101(1)
5.2 Synthetic methods
101(4)
5.2.1 Particle nucleation and growth
102(2)
5.2.2 Synthesis in inverse micelles
104(1)
5.3 Particle aggregation and stabilization of colloidal suspensions
105(2)
5.4 Colloidal quantum dots
107(3)
5.5 Metal nanoparticles
110(2)
5.6 Metal oxide nanoparticles
112(3)
5.6.1 Titanium dioxide
112(1)
5.6.2 Iron oxide
113(2)
5.6.3 Silica
115(1)
5.7 Polymeric nanoparticles
115(2)
5.8 Advanced architectures and hybrid systems
117(4)
6 Conjugated polymers for organic electronics
121(18)
N. Allard
M. Leclerc
6.1 Introduction
121(1)
6.2 Processable conjugated polymers
122(4)
6.3 Applications in renewable energy
126(4)
6.3.1 Organic solar cells
126(2)
6.3.2 Conjugated polymers for organic solar cells
128(2)
6.4 Applications in micro-electronics
130(3)
6.4.1 Field-effect transistors
130(2)
6.4.2 Conjugated polymers for field-effect transistors
132(1)
6.5 Applications in lighting
133(3)
6.5.1 Light-emitting diodes
133(2)
6.5.2 Conjugated polymers for light-emitting diodes
135(1)
6.6 Summary
136(3)
7 Theoretical tools for designing microscopic to macroscopic properties of functional materials
139(32)
A. Soldera
7.1 Methods
140(11)
7.1.1 The link between microscopic and macroscopic scales
140(2)
7.1.2 Ab initio methods
142(4)
7.1.3 Bridging the gap between ab initio and atomistic levels
146(1)
7.1.4 Atomistic simulation
147(4)
7.1.5 Bridging the gap between atomistic and mesoscale levels
151(1)
7.2 Examples
151(13)
7.2.1 Quantum studies
152(4)
7.2.2 Atomistic simulation
156(8)
7.3 Summary
164(7)
Part II Development of new materials for energy applications
8 Electrochemical energy storage systems
171(18)
S. B. Schougaard
D. Belanger
8.1 Introduction
171(1)
8.2 Metrics and performance evaluation
171(2)
8.3 Models and theory of electrochemical charge storage
173(5)
8.3.1 Battery operation -- a Faradaic process
174(1)
8.3.2 Electrochemical capacitor operation -- a non-Faradaic process
175(3)
8.4 Electrolytes
178(2)
8.5 Electrode materials
180(6)
8.5.1 Electrochemical capacitors
180(1)
8.5.2 Hybrid electrochemical capacitors
181(2)
8.5.3 Lithium battery electrode materials
183(1)
8.5.4 Negative (anode) electrode materials
184(1)
8.5.5 The positive (cathode) electrode
185(1)
8.5.6 Electrode production
186(1)
8.6 Summary
186(3)
9 Functional ionic liquids electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries
189(18)
D. Rochefort
9.1 Introduction
189(4)
9.1.1 Historical overview
190(1)
9.1.2 What are ionic liquids?
191(1)
9.1.3 Key properties as electrolytes
192(1)
9.2 Ionic liquids as Li and Lithium-ion battery electrolytes
193(1)
9.3 Functional ionic liquid electrolytes
194(13)
9.3.1 Overview of functional ionic liquids
195(1)
9.3.2 Solid electrolyte interphase
196(1)
9.3.3 Transport of lithium ions
197(1)
9.3.4 Electroactive ionic liquids as redox shuttles
198(4)
9.3.5 Perspectives
202(5)
10 Solid polymer proton conducting electrolytes for fuel cells
207(34)
C. de Bonis
A. D'Epifanio
B. Mecheri
S. Licoccia
A. C. Tavares
10.1 Introduction
207(2)
10.2 Proton exchange membranes
209(9)
10.2.1 Nafion®
210(3)
10.2.2 Alternative sulfonated ionomers and membranes
213(5)
10.3 Characterization of solid polymer electrolytes
218(15)
10.3.1 Proton conductivity
218(4)
10.3.2 States of water and water mobility
222(11)
10.4 Summary
233(8)
11 Supercritical adsorption of hydrogen on microporous adsorbents
241(36)
P. Benard
A.-M. Beaulieu
D. Durette
R. Chahine
11.1 Introduction
241(1)
11.2 Fundamentals of supercritical adsorption
242(4)
11.3 Supercritical adsorption isotherms
246(11)
11.3.1 Virial expansion of the excess density in terms of pressure
246(6)
11.3.2 Basic analytic models of the adsorption isotherm
252(4)
11.3.3 Self-consistent approaches
256(1)
11.4 The thermodynamics of adsorption
257(4)
11.4.1 Properties of surface potential
259(2)
11.5 Microporous adsorbents for hydrogen storage
261(16)
11.5.1 Activated carbons
261(1)
11.5.2 Single wall nanotubes
262(1)
11.5.3 Metal organic frameworks
263(14)
Part III New trends in sustainable development and biomedical applications
12 Advanced materials for biomedical applications
277(56)
D. Mantovani
L. Levesque
G. Sabbatier
M. Leroy
D. G. Seifu
R. Tolouei
V. Montano
M. Cloutier
I. Bilem
C. Loy
M. Byad
C. Paternoster
C.A. Hoesli
B. Drouin
G. Laroche
12.1 Introduction
277(1)
12.2 History of biomaterials
278(2)
12.3 Basics in material science for biomaterial applications
280(6)
12.3.1 Biomaterial properties
280(1)
12.3.2 Biometals
280(1)
12.3.3 Bioceramics
281(1)
12.3.4 Biosynthetic polymers
282(2)
12.3.5 Natural polymers
284(2)
12.4 Biomedical applications
286(33)
12.4.1 Cardiovascular system
286(5)
12.4.2 Musculoskeletal system
291(9)
12.4.3 Visceral organs
300(4)
12.4.4 Nervous system and sensory organs
304(6)
12.4.5 Esthetic applications
310(2)
12.4.6 Skin
312(7)
12.5 Future trends
319(7)
12.5.1 Tissue engineering basic concepts
319(1)
12.5.2 Scaffolds
319(4)
12.5.3 Surface modification
323(1)
12.5.4 Stem cells
323(1)
12.5.5 Bioreactors
324(1)
12.5.6 Computational models
324(2)
12.6 Summary
326(7)
13 Nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications in medicine
333(42)
M.-A. Fortin
13.1 The basics of MRI in medicine
337(2)
13.2 Relaxivity: the performance of MRI contrast agents
339(1)
13.3 Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles
340(7)
13.3.1 Synthesis of magnetic nanocrystals
340(4)
13.3.2 Nanoparticle coatings for MRI applications
344(2)
13.3.3 Physicochemical characterization
346(1)
13.4 Physical properties of magnetic nanoparticles
347(5)
13.5 MR relaxation properties of magnetic nanoparticles
352(6)
13.5.1 Relaxivity of paramagnetic CAs
353(3)
13.5.2 Relaxivity of superparamagnetic CAs
356(2)
13.5.3 Relaxometric performance of MRI CAs at clinical magnetic field strengths
358(1)
13.6 Biological performance of magnetic nanoparticles for MRI
358(6)
13.6.1 In vivo barriers
360(1)
13.6.2 Impact of nanoparticle size and surface on colloidal stability and blood retention
361(1)
13.6.3 Directing nanoparticles in vivo
362(1)
13.6.4 Toxicity
363(1)
13.7 Summary
364(11)
14 Microfluidics for synthesis and biological functional materials: from device fabrication to applications
375(40)
J. Greener
14.1 Introduction
375(1)
14.2 A practical introduction to microfluidic reactors for material synthesis
376(7)
14.2.1 Microfluidic reactor geometries
376(1)
14.2.2 Device fabrication materials
377(3)
14.2.3 Fabrication of polymer-based planar microreactors and components
380(3)
14.3 Manipulating and measuring precursor reagent streams in microchannels
383(8)
14.3.1 High surface area to volume ratios in microchannels
383(1)
14.3.2 Rapid heat transfer
384(1)
14.3.3 Control of concentrations
384(2)
14.3.4 Controlling "time on chip"
386(1)
14.3.5 Control of hydrodynamics and mass transfer
386(3)
14.3.6 Characterization in microchannels
389(2)
14.4 Microfluidics for polymer microparticles
391(9)
14.4.1 Manipulating the shaping of liquid precursors
392(1)
14.4.2 Effect of the channel wall
392(1)
14.4.3 Emulsification of precursor droplets
393(1)
14.4.4 Channel geometries to achieve emulsified droplets
393(2)
14.4.5 Multiple emulsions
395(1)
14.4.6 Forming linear threads and two-dimensional interfaces
395(2)
14.4.7 Converting liquid precursors into solid micro-materials
397(1)
14.4.8 Scale up: a circuit analysis of microfluidic flow in a highly parallelized microreactor
397(3)
14.5 Microfluidics for synthesis of functional nanoparticles
400(2)
14.5.1 Microfluidics for highly controlled nanoparticle synthesis
401(1)
14.6 Biomaterials
402(8)
14.6.1 Tissue engineering and membranes
403(1)
14.6.2 Microenvironments for encapsulated cells
404(2)
14.6.3 Biofilms
406(1)
14.6.4 Microdevices utilizing functional biomaterials
407(3)
14.7 Summary
410(5)
15 Protein- and peptide-based materials: a source of inspiration for innovation
415(28)
T. Lefevre
F. Byette
I. Marcotte
M. Auger
15.1 Introduction
415(2)
15.2 Basics of proteins, peptides and polypeptides
417(3)
15.2.1 Polypeptides are sequences of amino acids
417(1)
15.2.2 Polypeptides can adopt various conformations
418(1)
15.2.3 Polypeptides possess various levels of structural organization
419(1)
15.3 Functional materials from fibrous proteins
420(9)
15.3.1 Resilin & abductin
421(1)
15.3.2 Byssus (mussel anchoring threads)
422(3)
15.3.3 Silk
425(4)
15.4 Functional materials from globular proteins
429(3)
15.4.1 Natural proteins
429(1)
15.4.2 Artificial proteins
430(2)
15.5 Functional materials from synthetic peptides
432(3)
15.6 Summary
435(8)
16 Nanocomposite coatings
443(22)
B. Riedl
V. Vardanyan
W. N. Nkeuwa
A. Kaboorani
V. Landry
B. Poaty
M. Vlad
C. Sow
16.1 Introduction
443(3)
16.2 Coating formulations
446(3)
16.2.1 Chemical components
446(1)
16.2.2 Mixing techniques
447(2)
16.2.3 Application and curing
449(1)
16.3 Nanoparticle additives
449(5)
16.4 Coating characterization
454(6)
16.4.1 Mechanical properties
454(2)
16.4.2 Optical properties
456(3)
16.4.3 X-ray imaging and particle aggregation
459(1)
16.4.4 Weathering and artificial aging
459(1)
16.5 Bio-based coatings
460(2)
16.6 Future developments
462(1)
16.7 Summary
463(2)
Index 465
Mario Leclerc,U.Laval,Quebec, Robert Gauvin, Quebec Center for Functional Materials, Canada.