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E-raamat: Fundamentals of Metal Machining and Machine Tools

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(University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA), (Boothroyd Dewhurst Inc., Wakefield, Rhode Island, USA)
  • Formaat: 602 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781040065075
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Fundamentals of Metal Machining and Machine ToolsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 602 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781040065075
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Boothroyd and Knight, both affiliated with the industrial and manufacturing engineering department at the University of Rhode Island, emphasize underlying concepts, analytical methods, and economic considerations in this resource for those involved in metal cutting, machine tool technology, and manufacturing processes. Only a basic knowledge of mathematics and physics is assumed. This third edition contains new material on recent advances in areas such as super-hard cutting tool materials, cutting fluid applications, and tool geometries. The series was previously published by Marcel Dekker. Annotation ©2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

In the more than 15 years since the second edition of Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools was published, the industry has seen many changes. Students must keep up with developments in analytical modeling of machining processes, modern cutting tool materials, and how these changes affect the economics of machining. With coverage reflecting state-of-the-art industry practice, Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, Third Edition emphasizes underlying concepts, analytical methods, and economic considerations, requiring only basic mathematics and physics.

This book thoroughly illustrates the causes of various phenomena and their effects on machining practice. The authors include several descriptions of modern analytical methods, outlining the strengths and weaknesses of the various modeling approaches.

What's New in the Third Edition?
  • Recent advances in super-hard cutting tool materials, tool geometries, and surface coatings
  • Advances in high-speed machining and hard machining
  • New trends in cutting fluid applications, including dry and minimum-quantity lubrication machining
  • New developments in tool geometries for chip breaking and chip control
  • Improvements in cost modeling of machining processes, including application to grinding processes

    Supplying abundant examples, illustrations, and homework problems, Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, Third Edition is an ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying metal cutting, machining, machine tool technology, machining applications, and manufacturing processes.
    • Conventions Used in This Book xxvii
    Standardization
    		xix
    Introduction to the International (SI) System of Units
    		xix
    Chapter 1 Machine Tools and Machining Operations 1(68)
    1.1 Introduction
    		1(1)
    1.2 Generating Motions of Machine Tools
    		2(3)
    1.3 Machines Using Single-Point Tools
    		5(19)
    1.3.1 Engine Lathe (Center Lathe)
    		5(2)
    1.3.2 Single-Point Tools
    		7(3)
    1.3.3 Typical Lathe Operations
    		10(4)
    1.3.4 Work and Tool Holding in an Engine Lathe
    		14(2)
    1.3.5 Other Types of Lathes
    		16(2)
    1.3.6 Vertical-Boring Machine (Vertical Borer)
    		18(1)
    1.3.7 Horizontal-Boring Machine (Horizontal Borer)
    		19(1)
    1.3.8 Shaping Machine (Shaper)
    		20(3)
    1.3.9 Planing Machine (Planer)
    		23(1)
    1.4 Machines Using Multipoint Tools
    		24(21)
    1.4.1 Multipoint Tools
    		24(1)
    1.4.2 Drilling Machine (Drill Press)
    		25(6)
    1.4.3 Horizontal-Milling Machine (Horizontal Miller)
    		31(5)
    1.4.4 Vertical-Milling Machine (Vertical Miller)
    		36(5)
    1.4.5 Broaching Machine (Broacher)
    		41(3)
    1.4.6 Taps and Dies
    		44(1)
    1.5 Machines Using Abrasive Wheels
    		45(12)
    1.5.1 Abrasive Wheels
    		45(1)
    1.5.2 Horizontal-Spindle Surface-Grinding Machine (Horizontal-Spindle Surface Grinder)
    		46(3)
    1.5.3 Vertical-Spindle Surface-Grinding Machine (Vertical-Spindle Surface Grinder)
    		49(3)
    1.5.4 Cylindrical-Grinding Machine (Cylindrical Grinder)
    		52(1)
    1.5.5 Internal-Grinding Machine (Internal Grinder)
    		53(2)
    1.5.6 Centerless Grinding Machines
    		55(2)
    1.6 Summary of Machine Tool Characteristics and Machining Equations
    		57(7)
    Problems
    		64(4)
    Reference
    		68(1)
    Chapter 2 Mechanics of Metal Cutting 69(52)
    2.1 Introduction
    		69(2)
    2.2 Terms and Definitions
    		71(2)
    2.3 Chip Formation
    		73(5)
    2.3.1 Continuous Chip
    		74(2)
    2.3.2 Continuous Chip with Built-up Edge
    		76(1)
    2.3.3 Discontinuous Chip
    		76(1)
    2.3.4 Other Types of Chip Formation
    		77(1)
    2.4 The Forces Acting on the Cutting Tool and Their Measurement
    		78(3)
    2.5 Specific Cutting Energy
    		81(1)
    2.6 Plowing Force and the "Size Effect"
    		82(2)
    2.7 The Apparent Mean Shear Strength of the Work Material
    		84(3)
    2.8 Chip Thickness
    		87(10)
    2.8.1 Theory of Ernst and Merchant
    		88(4)
    2.8.2 Theory of Lee and Shaffer
    		92(2)
    2.8.3 Experimental Evidence
    		94(3)
    2.9 Friction in Metal Cutting
    		97(3)
    2.10 Analytical Modeling of Machining Operations
    		100(14)
    2.10.1 Mechanistic Modeling of Machining
    		101(1)
    2.10.2 Slip Line Field Analysis
    		102(2)
    2.10.3 Predictive Models for Orthogonal Cutting
    		104(6)
    2.10.4 Finite Element Analysis
    		110(2)
    2.10.5 Modeling of Material Properties
    		112(2)
    Problems
    		114(3)
    References
    		117(4)
    Chapter 3 Temperatures in Metal Cutting 121(20)
    3.1 Heat Generation in Metal Cutting
    		121(2)
    3.2 Heat Transfer in a Moving Material
    		123(1)
    3.3 Temperature Distribution in Metal Cutting
    		124(10)
    3.3.1 Temperatures in the Primary Deformation Zone
    		126(1)
    3.3.2 Temperatures in the Secondary Deformation Zone
    		127(1)
    3.3.3 Example
    		128(5)
    3.3.4 Effect of Cutting Speed on Temperatures
    		133(1)
    3.3.5 Prediction of Temperature Distributions in Machining
    		133(1)
    3.4 The Measurement of Cutting Temperatures
    		134(3)
    3.4.1 Work-Tool Thermocouple
    		134(1)
    3.4.2 Direct Thermocouple Measurements
    		135(1)
    3.4.3 Radiation Methods
    		136(1)
    3.4.4 Hardness and Microstructure Changes in Steel Tools
    		137(1)
    Problems
    		137(2)
    References
    		139(2)
    Chapter 4 Tool Life and Tool Materials 141(34)
    4.1 Introduction
    		141(1)
    4.2 Progressive Tool Wear
    		141(1)
    4.3 Forms of Wear in Metal Cutting
    		142(12)
    4.3.1 Crater Wear
    		142(1)
    4.3.2 Flank Wear
    		143(1)
    4.3.3 Tool-Life Criteria
    		143(1)
    4.3.4 Common Criteria for High-Speed Steel or Ceramic Tools
    		144(1)
    4.3.5 Common Criteria for Sintered-Carbide Tools
    		145(1)
    4.3.6 Tool Life
    		145(3)
    4.3.7 Premature Tool Failure
    		148(1)
    4.3.8 The Effect of a Built-up Edge
    		148(1)
    4.3.9 The Effect of Tool Angles
    		149(2)
    4.3.10 The Effect of Speed and Feed on Cratering and Built-up-Edge Formation
    		151(1)
    4.3.11 Tool Damage Models
    		152(2)
    4.4 The Tool Material
    		154(10)
    4.4.1 Basic Requirements of Tool Materials
    		154(1)
    4.4.2 Major Classes of Tool Materials
    		155(2)
    4.4.3 High-Speed Steel
    		157(1)
    4.4.4 Cast Alloy Tools
    		158(1)
    4.4.5 Cemented Carbide Tools
    		158(2)
    4.4.6 Cermet Tools
    		160(1)
    4.4.7 Ceramic Tools
    		160(1)
    4.4.8 Polycrystalline Tools
    		161(1)
    4.4.9 Tool Coatings
    		162(2)
    4.5 Tool Geometries
    		164(1)
    4.6 The Work Material
    		165(3)
    4.6.1 Tool Wear and Machinability Testing
    		166(1)
    4.6.2 Factors Affecting the Machinability of Metals
    		167(1)
    4.7 High Speed Machining
    		168(3)
    4.8 Hard Machining
    		171(1)
    Problems
    		172(1)
    References
    		173(2)
    Chapter 5 Cutting Fluids and Surface Roughness 175(36)
    5.1 Cutting Fluids
    		175(1)
    5.2 The Action of Coolants
    		176(3)
    5.3 The Action of Lubricants
    		179(4)
    5.3.1 Boundary Lubrication
    		179(1)
    5.3.2 Lubrication in Metal Cutting
    		180(1)
    5.3.3 Characteristics of an Efficient Lubricant in Metal Cutting
    		181(2)
    5.4 Application of Cutting Fluids
    		183(3)
    5.4.1 Manual Application
    		185(1)
    5.4.2 Flood Application
    		185(1)
    5.4.3 Jet Application
    		185(1)
    5.4.4 Mist Application
    		185(1)
    5.4.5 Through the Tool Application
    		186(1)
    5.5 Cutting Fluid Maintenance
    		186(1)
    5.6 Environmental Considerations
    		187(1)
    5.7 Disposal of Cutting Fluids
    		187(2)
    5.8 Dry Cutting and Minimum Quantity Lubrication
    		189(3)
    5.9 Surface Roughness
    		192(8)
    5.9.1 Ideal Surface Roughness
    		192(3)
    5.9.2 Natural Surface Roughness
    		195(3)
    5.9.3 Measurement of Surface Roughness
    		198(2)
    5.10 Tool Geometries for Improved Surface Finish
    		200(1)
    5.11 Burr Formation in Machining
    		200(5)
    Problems
    		205(3)
    References
    		208(3)
    Chapter 6 Economics of Metal-Cutting Operations 211(38)
    6.1 Introduction
    		211(1)
    6.2 Choice of Feed
    		212(1)
    6.3 Choice of Cutting Speed
    		213(5)
    6.4 Tool Life for Minimum Cost and Minimum Production Time
    		218(501)
    6.5 Estimation of Factors Needed to Determine Optimum Conditions
    		719
    6.6 Example of a Constant-Cutting-Speed Operation
    		221(552)
    6.7 Machining at Maximum Efficiency
    		773
    6.8 Facing Operations
    		225(503)
    6.9 Operations with Interrupted Cuts
    		728
    6.10 Economics of Various Tool Materials and Tool Designs
    		230(4)
    6.11 Machinability Data Systems
    		234(501)
    6.11.1 Database Systems
    		234(500)
    6.11.2 Mathematical Model Systems
    		734(1)
    6.12 Limitations of Available Machinability Data
    		735
    6.12.1 Feed and Depth of Cut in Turning
    		735
    6.12.2 Cutting Speed, Depth of Cut, and Hardness in Turning
    		235(3)
    6.12.3 Estimation of Recommended Feed and Speed
    		238(1)
    6.12.3.1 Example
    		238(1)
    6.12.4 Relationships for Other Turning Processes
    		239(4)
    6.12.5 Relationships for Other Machining Processes
    		243(1)
    6.12.6 Accuracy of Relationships for Recommended Cutting Conditions
    		243(1)
    Problems
    		243(4)
    References
    		247(2)
    Chapter 7 Nomenclature of Cutting Tools 249(18)
    7.1 Introduction
    		249(2)
    7.2 Systems of Cutting-Tool Nomenclature
    		251(4)
    7.2.1 British Maximum-Rake System
    		251(1)
    7.2.2 American Standards Association System
    		252(1)
    7.2.3 German System
    		253(2)
    7.3 International Standard
    		255(10)
    7.3.1 Tool-in-Hand and Tool-in-Use Systems
    		255(4)
    7.3.2 Setting System
    		259(1)
    7.3.3 Mathematical Relationships Between Tool and Working Systems
    		260(2)
    7.3.4 Example
    		262(1)
    7.3.5 Calculation of Tool Angles from Working Angles
    		263(2)
    Problems
    		265(1)
    References
    		265(2)
    Chapter 8 Chip Control 267(16)
    8.1 Introduction
    		267(1)
    8.2 Chip Breakers
    		267(7)
    8.3 Prediction of Radius of Chip Curvature
    		274(3)
    8.4 Prediction of Chip Breaking Performance
    		277(3)
    8.5 Tool Wear During Chip Breaking
    		280(1)
    Problems
    		280(2)
    References
    		282(1)
    Chapter 9 Machine Tool Vibrations 283(38)
    9.1 Introduction
    		283(1)
    9.2 Forced Vibrations
    		284(8)
    9.2.1 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System
    		284(5)
    9.2.2 Complex Structures
    		289(3)
    9.3 Self-Excited Vibrations (Chatter)
    		292(13)
    9.3.1 Interaction of the Cutting Process and Machine Structure
    		292(4)
    9.3.1.1 Regenerative Instability
    		294(1)
    9.3.1.2 Mode-Coupling Instability
    		294(2)
    9.3.2 Stability Charts
    		296(1)
    9.3.3 Analysis of Machine Tool Chatter
    		297(14)
    9.3.3.1 Cutting Process
    		297(2)
    9.3.3.2 Machine Structure
    		299(2)
    9.3.3.3 Stability Analysis
    		301(1)
    9.3.3.4 Modification for Multiedge Cutting Operations
    		302(1)
    9.3.3.5 Special Cases
    		303(2)
    9.4 Determination of Frequency Response Loci
    		305(5)
    9.5 Dynamic Acceptance Tests for Machine Tools
    		310(1)
    9.6 Improving Machine Tool Stability
    		311(5)
    9.6.1 Structural Alterations
    		311(1)
    9.6.2 Vibration Absorbers
    		312(1)
    9.6.3 Modification of the Regenerative Effect
    		312(3)
    9.6.3.1 Variable-Pitch Milling Cutters
    		312(3)
    9.6.3.2 Superimposed Speed Variation
    		315(1)
    9.6.4 Active Force Control
    		315(1)
    Problems
    		316(3)
    References
    		319(2)
    Chapter 10 Grinding 321(38)
    10.1 Introduction
    		321(1)
    10.2 The Grinding Wheel
    		321(8)
    10.2.1 Grain Type
    		323(1)
    10.2.2 Grain Size
    		324(1)
    10.2.3 Bond
    		324(1)
    10.2.4 Structure
    		325(1)
    10.2.5 Designation of Grinding Wheels
    		325(4)
    10.3 Effect of Grinding Conditions on Wheel Behavior
    		329(2)
    10.4 Determination of the Density of Active Grains
    		331(1)
    10.5 Testing of Grinding Wheels
    		331(1)
    10.6 Dressing and Truing of Grinding Wheels
    		332(1)
    10.7 Analysis of the Grinding Process
    		333(12)
    10.7.1 Specific Cutting Energy for Grinding Processes
    		337(1)
    10.7.2 Cylindrical Grinding Cycles
    		338(2)
    10.7.3 Surface Grinding Cycles
    		340(1)
    10.7.4 Equivalent Diameters of Grinding Wheels
    		340(2)
    10.7.5 Metal Removal Parameter for Easy-to-Grind Materials
    		342(2)
    10.7.6 Example
    		344(1)
    10.7.7 Metal Removal Parameter for Difficult-to-Grind Materials
    		345(1)
    10.8 Thermal Effects in Grinding
    		345(3)
    10.9 Cutting Fluids in Grinding
    		348(2)
    10.9.1 General Discussion
    		348(1)
    10.9.2 Application of Grinding Fluids
    		348(2)
    10.10 Grinding-Wheel Wear
    		350(1)
    10.11 Nonconventional Grinding Operations
    		351(3)
    10.11.1 High-Speed Grinding
    		351(1)
    10.11.2 Creep Feed Grinding
    		352(2)
    10.11.3 Low-Stress Grinding
    		354(1)
    Problems
    		354(2)
    References
    		356(3)
    Chapter 11 Manufacturing Systems and Automation 359(42)
    11.1 Introduction
    		359(1)
    11.2 Types of Production
    		359(1)
    11.2.1 Mass or Continuous Production
    		360(1)
    11.2.2 Large-Batch Production
    		360(1)
    11.2.3 Small-Batch Production
    		360(1)
    11.3 Types of Facilities Layout
    		360(2)
    11.3.1 Functional or Process Layout
    		360(2)
    11.3.2 Line Layout
    		362(1)
    11.3.3 Group or Cellular Layout
    		362(1)
    11.4 Types of Automation
    		362(2)
    11.4.1 Fixed Automation
    		363(1)
    11.4.2 Programmable Automation
    		363(1)
    11.4.2.1 Program Sequence Control
    		363(1)
    11.4.2.2 Numerical Control
    		364(1)
    11.5 Transfer Machines
    		364(5)
    11.5.1 Economics of Transfer Machines
    		366(2)
    11.5.2 Example
    		368(1)
    11.6 Automatic Machines
    		369(12)
    11.6.1 Planning for Multi-spindle Automatic Lathes
    		370(10)
    11.6.1.1 Process Plan Optimization
    		377(3)
    11.6.2 Economics of Automatic Machines
    		380(1)
    11.6.3 Example
    		381(1)
    11.7 Numerically Controlled (NC) Machine Tools
    		381(7)
    11.7.1 Main Features of NC Systems
    		381(4)
    11.7.1.1 Program of Instruction
    		381(2)
    11.7.1.2 Machine Tool Controller
    		383(1)
    11.7.1.3 Machine Tool
    		384(1)
    11.7.2 NC Motions
    		385(2)
    11.7.2.1 Point-to-Point or Positional Control
    		385(1)
    11.7.2.2 Straight-Line or Linear Control
    		386(1)
    11.7.2.3 Continuous Path or Contouring Control
    		386(1)
    11.7.3 Computers in Numerical Control
    		387(1)
    11.7.4 Economics of Numerically Controlled Machines
    		387(1)
    11.7.5 Example
    		388(1)
    11.8 Comparison of the Economics of Various Automation Systems
    		388(1)
    11.9 Handling of Components in Batch Production
    		389(1)
    11.10 Flexible Manufacturing Systems
    		390(9)
    11.10.1 Machine Tools in FMSs
    		395(2)
    11.10.2 Work Handling for FMSs
    		397(1)
    11.10.3 Layouts for FMSs
    		397(2)
    11.10.4 Tooling in FMSs
    		399(1)
    11.10.5 Pallets and Fixtures for FMSs
    		399(1)
    Problems
    		399(1)
    References
    		400(1)
    Chapter 12 Computer-Aided Manufacturing 401(38)
    12.1 Introduction
    		401(1)
    12.2 Scope of CAD/CAM
    		401(2)
    12.3 Process-Planning Tasks
    		403(3)
    12.4 Computer-Aided Process Planning
    		406(6)
    12.5 Processing of NC Programs
    		412(3)
    12.6 Manual Programming of NC Machines
    		415(8)
    12.6.1 Fixed or Canned Cycles
    		420(1)
    12.6.2 Tool Path Coordinates
    		421(2)
    12.7 Computer-Aided NC Processing
    		423(2)
    12.8 Numerical Control Processing Languages
    		425(2)
    12.8.1 Input Information Level
    		425(1)
    12.8.1.1 Group I
    		425(1)
    12.8.1.2 Group II
    		426(1)
    12.8.1.3 Group III
    		426(1)
    12.8.2 Similarity of Language Structure
    		426(1)
    12.8.2.1 Free-Format Languages
    		426(1)
    12.8.2.2 Fixed-Format Languages
    		426(1)
    12.9 NC Programming Using APT-Based Languages
    		427(7)
    12.9.1 Language Structure
    		427(1)
    12.9.1.1 Geometric Statements
    		427(1)
    12.9.2 Motion Statements
    		428(3)
    12.9.3 Auxiliary Statements
    		431(1)
    12.9.4 Programming Example in APT
    		431(3)
    12.10 Graphics-Based NC Processing Systems
    		434(3)
    References
    		437(2)
    Chapter 13 Design for Machining 439(66)
    13.1 Introduction
    		439(1)
    13.2 Standardization
    		440(1)
    13.3 Choice of Work Material
    		440(2)
    13.4 Shape of Work Material
    		442(2)
    13.5 Shape of Component
    		444(21)
    13.5.1 Classification
    		444(9)
    13.5.2 Rotational Components [ (L/D) less than or equal to 0.5] 445
    13.5.3 Rotational Components [ 0.5 less than (L/D) less than or equal to 3] 452
    13.5.4 Rotational Components [ (L/D > 31
    		453(9)
    13.5.5 Nonrotational Components [ (A/B) less than or equal to 3, (A/C) > or equal to 4] 458
    13.5.6 Nonrotational Components [ (A/B) > 3]
    		462(3)
    13.5.7 Nonrotational Components [ (A/B) less than 3, (A/C) less than 4] 462
    13.6 Assembly of Components
    		465(1)
    13.7 Accuracy and Surface Finish
    		466(5)
    13.8 Summary of Design Guidelines
    		471(3)
    13.8.1 Standardization
    		472(1)
    13.8.2 Raw Material
    		472(1)
    13.8.3 Component Design
    		472(2)
    13.8.3.1 General
    		472(1)
    13.8.3.2 Rotational Components
    		473(1)
    13.8.3.3 Nonrotational Components
    		473(1)
    13.8.4 Assembly
    		474(1)
    13.8.5 Accuracy and Surface Finish
    		474(1)
    13.9 Cost Estimating for Machined Components
    		474(27)
    13.9.1 Material Cost
    		475(1)
    13.9.2 Machine Loading and Unloading
    		475(1)
    13.9.3 Other Nonproductive Costs
    		476(1)
    13.9.4 Handling between Machines
    		476(2)
    13.9.5 Material Type
    		478(1)
    13.9.6 Machining Costs
    		478(2)
    13.9.7 Tool Replacement Costs
    		480(2)
    13.9.8 Machining Data
    		482(3)
    13.9.9 Rough Grinding
    		485(3)
    13.9.10 Finish Grinding
    		488(1)
    13.9.11 Allowance for Grinding Wheel Wear
    		488(3)
    13.9.11.1 Example
    		490(1)
    13.9.12 Allowance for Spark-Out
    		491(1)
    13.9.13 Examples
    		491(2)
    13.9.14 Machining Cost Estimating Worksheet
    		493(1)
    13.9.14.1 Example
    		493(1)
    13.9.15 Approximate Cost Models for Machined Components
    		494(7)
    Problems
    		501(2)
    References
    		503(2)
    Chapter 14 Nonconventional Machining Processes 505(48)
    14.1 Introduction
    		505(1)
    14.2 Range of Nonconventional Machining Processes
    		506(1)
    14.3 Ultrasonic Machining
    		506(5)
    14.3.1 Transducers
    		509(1)
    14.3.1.1 Piezoelectric Transducers
    		509(1)
    14.3.1.2 Magnetostrictive Transducers
    		509(1)
    14.3.2 Transformer and Tool Holder
    		509(1)
    14.3.3 Tools
    		510(1)
    14.3.4 Abrasive Slurry
    		510(1)
    14.3.5 Applications
    		511(1)
    14.4 Water-Jet Machining
    		511(3)
    14.4.1 General Discussion
    		511(1)
    14.4.2 Applications
    		512(2)
    14.5 Abrasive-Jet Machining
    		514(2)
    14.5.1 General Discussion
    		514(2)
    14.5.2 Applications
    		516(1)
    14.6 Chemical Machining
    		516(2)
    14.6.1 Etchants
    		518(1)
    14.6.2 Applications
    		518(1)
    14.7 Electrochemical Machining
    		518(6)
    14.7.1 Metal Removal Rates
    		520(1)
    14.7.2 Nature of the Machine Surface
    		521(1)
    14.7.3 Effect of Tool Feed Speed and Supply Voltage on Accuracy
    		521(2)
    14.7.4 Tools for Electrochemical Machining
    		523(1)
    14.7.5 Applications
    		523(1)
    14.8 Electrolytic Grinding
    		524(1)
    14.9 Electrical-Discharge Machining
    		525(6)
    14.9.1 Tool Materials and Tool Wear
    		527(2)
    14.9.2 Dielectric Fluid
    		529(1)
    14.9.3 Process Parameters
    		529(2)
    14.9.4 Applications
    		531(1)
    14.10 Wire Electrical-Discharge Machining
    		531(3)
    14.11 Laser-Beam Machining
    		534(7)
    14.11.1 Types of Lasers
    		535(1)
    14.11.2 Percussion Drilling of Small Holes
    		535(1)
    14.11.3 Trepanning or Cutting Operations
    		535(3)
    14.11.4 Applications
    		538(3)
    14.12 Electron-Beam Machining
    		541(2)
    14.13 Plasma-Arc Cutting
    		543(2)
    14.13.1 General Discussion
    		543(1)
    14.13.2 Applications
    		543(2)
    14.14 Comparative Performance of Cutting Processes
    		545(2)
    Problems
    		547(3)
    References
    		550(3)
    Nomenclature 553(10)
    Index 563


    Winston A. Knight, Geoffrey Boothroyd
    Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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