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E-raamat: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies

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"There is a growing need for books and preparatory materials that can help wireless engineers prepare for the IEEE WCET (Wireless Communications Engineering Technologies) certification exam. This book offers a broad exposure to the wireless communications field as it is practiced in the real world, providing the necessary practical, hands-on knowledge. The author, who was involved with the certification program development, shares in-depth knowledge and insight on the WCET exam. Readers planning to take the exam, engineers seeking to increase their knowledge of WCET, and graduate students and professors in wireless communications will find this guide invaluable"--

Intended for electrical engineering students and readers studying for professional examinations such as the WCET certification, this volume on wireless communications technologies provides a comprehensive overview of the hardware, software, standards and regulations involved in the rapidly expanding world of wireless and mobile communications. Beginning with reviews of basic circuitry and components, the work covers radio frequency, antennas, and propagation, wireless access technologies, network and service architectures and advanced topics in wireless engineering. Chapters include illustrations, equations, schematics, and exercises, and a series of appendices provide additional information for exam candidates. Wong is a former professor at the Malaysia University of Science and Technology and a wireless networking consultant. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

A broad introduction to the fundamentals of wireless communication engineering technologies

Covering both theory and practical topics, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies offers a sound survey of the major industry-relevant aspects of wireless communication engineering technologies. Divided into four main sections, the book examines RF, antennas, and propagation; wireless access technologies; network and service architectures; and other topics, such as network management and security, policies and regulations, and facilities infrastructure. Helpful cross-references are placed throughout the text, offering additional information where needed.

The book provides:

  • Coverage that is closely aligned to the IEEE's Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET) certification program syllabus, reflecting

  • the author's direct involvement in the development of the program

  • A special emphasis on wireless cellular and wireless LAN systems

  • An excellent foundation for expanding existing knowledge in the wireless field by covering industry-relevant aspects of wireless communication

  • Information on how common theories are applied in real-world wireless systems

With a holistic and well-organized overview of wireless communications, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in taking the WCET exam, as well as practicing engineers, professors, and students seeking to increase their knowledge of wireless communication engineering technologies.

Foreword xix
Preface xxi
I Preliminaries
1 Introduction
3(34)
1.1 Notation
4(1)
1.2 Foundations
4(8)
1.2.1 Basic Circuits
5(1)
1.2.2 Capacitors and Inductors
5(1)
1.2.3 Circuit Analysis Fundamentals
6(1)
1.2.4 Voltage or Current as Signals
7(2)
1.2.5 Alternating Current
9(1)
1.2.6 Phasors
10(1)
1.2.7 Impedance
11(1)
1.2.8 Matched Loads
11(1)
1.3 Signals and Systems
12(15)
1.3.1 Impulse Response, Convolution, and Filtering
12(2)
1.3.2 Fourier Analysis
14(3)
1.3.3 Frequency-Domain Concepts
17(2)
1.3.4 Bandpass Signals and Related Notions
19(1)
1.3.5 Random Signals
20(7)
1.4 Signaling in Communications Systems
27(6)
1.4.1 Analog Modulation
28(1)
1.4.2 Digital Modulation
29(3)
1.4.3 Synchronization
32(1)
Exercises
33(1)
References
33(4)
II Radio Frequency, Antennas, And Propagation
2 Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation
37(26)
2.1 Mathematical Preliminaries
37(4)
2.1.1 Multidimensional Multivariable Analysis
37(4)
2.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics
41(5)
2.2.1 Electrostatics in Free Space
41(1)
2.2.2 Voltage
42(1)
2.2.3 Electrostatics in the Case of Dielectrics Insulators
43(1)
2.2.4 Electrostatics Summary
44(1)
2.2.5 Currents
44(1)
2.2.6 Magnetostatics Introduction
45(1)
2.2.7 Magnetostatics in Free Space
45(1)
2.2.8 Magnetostatics in the Case of Magnetic Materials
45(1)
2.2.9 Symbols
45(1)
2.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines
46(10)
2.3.1 Maxwell's Equations
46(1)
2.3.2 Electromagnetic Waves
47(1)
2.3.3 Transmission-Line Basics
48(3)
2.3.4 Standing-Wave Ratios
51(4)
2.3.5 S-Parameters
55(1)
2.4 Impedance
56(1)
2.5 Tests and Measurements
57(5)
2.5.1 Function Generators
57(1)
2.5.2 Measurement Instruments
58(3)
2.5.3 Mobile Phone Test Equipment
61(1)
Exercises
62(1)
References
62(1)
3 Radio-Frequency Engineering
63(30)
3.1 Introduction and Preliminaries
64(6)
3.1.1 Superheterodyne Receiver
64(2)
3.1.2 RF-Handle with Care!
66(1)
3.1.3 RF Devices and Systems: Assumptions and Limitations
67(1)
3.1.4 Effect of Nonlinearities
67(3)
3.2 Noise
70(10)
3.2.1 Types of Noise
71(1)
3.2.2 Modeling Thermal Noise
71(1)
3.2.3 Transferred Thermal Noise Power
72(2)
3.2.4 Equivalent Noise Source Models
74(3)
3.2.5 Noise Figure
77(3)
3.3 System Issues Related to Nonlinearity
80(5)
3.3.1 Gain Compression
80(1)
3.3.2 Size of Intermodulation Products
81(2)
3.3.3 Spur Free Dynamic Range
83(2)
3.4 Mixing and Related Issues
85(2)
3.5 Oscillators and Related Issues
87(2)
3.5.1 Phase Noise
87(2)
3.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues
89(1)
3.6.1 Low-Noise Amplifiers
89(1)
3.6.2 Power Amplifiers
89(1)
3.7 Other Components
90(1)
3.7.1 Directional Couplers
90(1)
3.7.2 Circulators
91(1)
Exercises
91(1)
References
92(1)
4 Antennas
93(32)
4.1 Characterization
94(11)
4.1.1 Basic 3D Geometry
94(1)
4.1.2 Near Field and Far Field
95(2)
4.1.3 Polarization
97(1)
4.1.4 Radiation Intensity, Patterns, and Directivity
98(3)
4.1.5 Beam Area
101(1)
4.1.6 Antenna Gain
101(1)
4.1.7 Aperture
102(1)
4.1.8 Antenna Gain, Directivity, and Aperture
102(1)
4.1.9 Isotropic Radiators and EIRP
103(1)
4.1.10 Friis Formula for Receiver Signal Strength
103(1)
4.1.11 Bandwidth
104(1)
4.2 Examples
105(6)
4.2.1 Dipole Antennas
105(1)
4.2.2 Grounded Vertical Antennas
106(1)
4.2.3 Folded Dipoles
106(1)
4.2.4 Turnstiles
107(1)
4.2.5 Loop Antennas
108(1)
4.2.6 Parabolic Dish Antennas
108(1)
4.2.7 Mobile Device Antennas
109(2)
4.3 Antenna Arrays
111(11)
4.3.1 Linear Arrays
112(2)
4.3.2 Yagi-Uda Antennas
114(1)
4.3.3 Log-Periodic Dipole Arrays
115(1)
4.3.4 Base Station Antennas
115(6)
4.3.5 Newer Ideas for Using Multiple Antennas
121(1)
4.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on
122(1)
4.4.1 Baluns
122(1)
4.4.2 Feeder Loss
122(1)
Exercises
123(1)
References
124(1)
5 Propagation
125(34)
5.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects
126(6)
5.1.1 Path Loss
126(1)
5.1.2 Reflection and Refraction
126(2)
5.1.3 Diffraction
128(3)
5.1.4 Scattering
131(1)
5.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments
132(5)
5.2.1 Ground Reflection Model
133(2)
5.2.2 Okumura Model
135(1)
5.2.3 Hata Model
135(1)
5.2.4 Lognormal Fading
136(1)
5.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments
137(11)
5.3.1 Multipath Delay Spread
137(1)
5.3.2 Flat Fading
138(3)
5.3.3 Frequency-Selective Fading
141(1)
5.3.4 Time Variation: The Doppler Shift
142(3)
5.3.5 Diversity Combining
145(3)
5.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget
148(2)
Exercises
150(1)
Appendix: Ricean Fading Derivation
151(3)
References
154(5)
III Wireless Access Technologies
6 Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies
159(34)
6.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing
160(9)
6.1.1 Impulse Response and Convolution
160(1)
6.1.2 Frequency Response
161(1)
6.1.3 Sampling: A Connection Between Discrete and Continuous Time
162(1)
6.1.4 Fourier Analysis
163(1)
6.1.5 Autocorrelation and Power Spectrum
164(2)
6.1.6 Designing Digital Filters
166(1)
6.1.7 Statistical Signal Processing
166(1)
6.1.8 Orthogonality
167(2)
6.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems
169(4)
6.2.1 Coherent vs. Noncoherent
169(1)
6.2.2 QPSK and Its Variations
169(3)
6.2.3 Nonlinear Modulation: MSK
172(1)
6.3 The Cellular Concept
173(4)
6.3.1 Relating Frequency Reuse with S/I
175(1)
6.3.2 Capacity Issues
176(1)
6.4 Spread Spectrum
177(8)
6.4.1 PN Sequences
178(4)
6.4.2 Direct Sequence
182(3)
6.5 OFDM
185(6)
6.5.1 Spectral Shaping and Guard Subcarriers
188(1)
6.5.2 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
189(2)
Exercises
191(1)
References
192(1)
7 Component Technologies
193(26)
7.1 Medium Access Control
193(9)
7.1.1 Distributed-Control MAC Schemes
194(2)
7.1.2 Central Controlled Multiple Access Schemes
196(5)
7.1.3 Duplexing
201(1)
7.1.4 Beyond the Single Cell
202(1)
7.2 Handoff
202(6)
7.2.1 What Does It Cost?
203(1)
7.2.2 Types of Handoff
203(2)
7.2.3 The Challenge of Making Handoff Decisions
205(2)
7.2.4 Example: Handoff in AMPS
207(1)
7.2.5 Other Examples
207(1)
7.3 Power Control
208(2)
7.3.1 The Near–Far Problem
208(1)
7.3.2 Uplink vs. Downlink
208(1)
7.3.3 Open- and Closed-Loop Power Control
209(1)
7.4 Error Correction Codes
210(7)
7.4.1 Block Codes
212(2)
7.4.2 Convolutional Codes
214(2)
7.4.3 Concatenation
216(1)
7.4.4 Turbo Codes
216(1)
7.4.5 LDPC Codes
217(1)
7.4.6 ARQ
217(1)
Exercises
217(1)
References
218(1)
8 Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi
219(30)
8.1 GSM
220(6)
8.1.1 Access Control
223(2)
8.1.2 Handoffs and Power Control
225(1)
8.1.3 Physical Layer Aspects
226(1)
8.2 1S-95 CDMA
226(9)
8.2.1 Downlink Separation of Base Stations
227(1)
8.2.2 Single Base Station Downlink to Multiple Mobile Stations
228(1)
8.2.3 Downlink Channels
229(2)
8.2.4 Uplink Separation of Mobile Stations
231(1)
8.2.5 Uplink Traffic Channel
232(1)
8.2.6 Separation of the Multipath
232(1)
8.2.7 Access Control
232(2)
8.2.8 Soft Handoffs and Power Control
234(1)
8.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi
235(11)
8.3.1 LAN Concepts
237(1)
8.3.2 IEEE 802.11 MAC
238(7)
8.3.3 A Plethora of Physical Layers
245(1)
Exercises
246(1)
References
246(3)
9 Recent Trends and Developments
249(28)
9.1 Third-Generation CDMA-Based Systems
249(4)
9.1.1 WCDMA
250(1)
9.1.2 cdma2000
251(2)
9.1.3 Summary
253(1)
9.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access
253(5)
9.2.1 Hybrid ARQ 1
254(2)
9.2.2 Multiple-Antenna Techniques
256(2)
9.3 HSPA and HRPD
258(4)
9.3.1 HSDPA
259(2)
9.3.2 HSUPA
261(1)
9.3.3 1xEV-DO
261(1)
9.3.4 Continuing Enhancements
261(1)
9.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
262(8)
9.4.1 Use of HARQ
263(1)
9.4.2 Use of OFDMA
263(6)
9.4.3 Other Aspects
269(1)
9.5 LTE
270(3)
9.5.1 Use of HARQ
270(1)
9.5.2 Use of OFDMA on Downlink
271(1)
9.5.3 SC-FDMA or DFTS-OFDM on Uplink
271(1)
9.5.4 Other Aspects
272(1)
9.6 What's Next?
273(1)
Exercises
273(1)
References
274(3)
IV Network And Service Architectures
10 Introduction to Network and Service Architectures
277(30)
10.1 Review of Fundamental Networking Concepts
278(7)
10.1.1 Layering
278(3)
10.1.2 Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
281(2)
10.1.3 Reliability
283(2)
10.2 Architectures
285(5)
10.2.1 Network Sizes
285(1)
10.2.2 Core, Distribution, and Access
285(1)
10.2.3 Topology
286(1)
10.2.4 Communication Paradigm
286(1)
10.2.5 Stupid vs. Intelligent Networks
287(1)
10.2.6 Layering Revisited
287(1)
10.2.7 Network Convergence
288(2)
10.3 IP Networking
290(11)
10.3.1 Features of IP
290(2)
10.3.2 Transport Protocols
292(2)
10.3.3 Related Protocols and Systems
294(1)
10.3.4 Style
295(1)
10.3.5 Interactions with-Lower Layers
295(1)
10.3.6 IPv6
296(5)
10.4 Teletraffic Analysis
301(4)
10.4.1 Roots in the Old Phone Network
301(2)
10.4.2 Queuing Theory Perspective
303(2)
Exercises
305(1)
References
306(1)
11 GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence
307(26)
11.1 GSM
308(7)
11.1.1 Some Preliminary Concepts
308(1)
11.1.2 Network Elements
309(2)
11.1.3 Procedures
311(1)
11.1.4 Location Management
311(4)
11.2 VoIP
315(8)
11.2.1 Other Parts of the VOID Solution
317(1)
11.2.2 Session Control: SIP
317(6)
11.3 QoS
323(8)
11.3.1 Frameworks
324(2)
11.3.2 QoS Mechanisms
326(4)
11.3.3 Wireless QoS
330(1)
Exercises
331(1)
References
332(1)
12 Toward an All-IP Core Network
333(34)
12.1 Making IP Work with Wireless
333(8)
12.1.1 Mobile IP
334(5)
12.1.2 Header Compression
339(2)
12.2 GPRS
341(5)
12.2.1 GPRS Attach and PDP Context Activation
344(1)
12.2.2 GPRS Mobility Management States
345(1)
12.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the Introduction of IMS
346(8)
12.3.1 First UMTS: Release '99
346(2)
12.3.2 From Release '99 to Release 4
348(1)
12.3.3 From Release 4 to Release 5
349(2)
12.3.4 From Release 5 to Release 6
351(1)
12.3.5 From Release 6 to Release 7
351(1)
12.3.6 From Release 7 to Release 8: LTE
351(1)
12.3.7 Evolved Packet System of LTE
352(2)
12.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem
354(8)
12.4.1 Network Functions
355(4)
12.4.2 Procedures
359(3)
12.5 Other Networks
362(3)
12.5.1 cdma2000
362(2)
12.5.2 WiMAX
364(1)
Exercises
365(1)
References
365(2)
13 Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead
367(26)
13.1 Services
367(4)
13.1.1 Examples of Services
369(2)
13.2 Service Architectures
371(8)
13.2.1 Examples: Presence
372(1)
13.2.2 Examples: Messaging
372(1)
13.2.3 Examples: Location-Based Services
372(1)
13.2.4 Examples: MBMS
373(1)
13.2.5 The Rise of the Intelligent Network
373(2)
13.2.6 Open Service Access
375(1)
13.2.7 Open Mobile Alliance
376(1)
13.2.8 Services and IMS
377(2)
13.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
379(5)
13.3.1 Example: AODV
380(4)
13.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks
384(5)
13.4.1 Mesh Networks
385(2)
13.4.2 Sensor Networks
387(1)
13.4.3 Vehicular Networks
388(1)
Exercises
389(1)
References
390(3)
V Miscellaneous Topics
14 Network Management
393(22)
14.1 Requirements and Concepts
393(1)
14.2 Network Management Models
394(3)
14.3 SNMP
397(15)
14.3.1 Messages
398(2)
14.3.2 Managed Objects
400(2)
14.3.3 MIBs
402(7)
14.3.4 Security
409(1)
14.3.5 Traps
409(1)
14.3.6 Remote Monitoring
410(1)
14.3.7 Other Issues
411(1)
14.3.8 Suggested Activities
412(1)
Exercises
412(1)
References
412(3)
15 Security
415(28)
15.1 Basic Concepts
415(4)
15.1.1 Attacks
417(1)
15.1.2 Defenses
418(1)
15.2 Cryptography
419(3)
15.2.1 Symmetric Schemes
419(1)
15.2.2 Asymmetric Schemes
420(1)
15.2.3 Key Distribution
420(1)
15.2.4 Algorithms
421(1)
15.3 Network Security Protocols
422(10)
15.3.1 IPSec
423(6)
15.3.2 Access Control and AAA
429(3)
15.4 Wireless Security
432(9)
15.4.1 Cellular Systems
432(4)
15.4.2 802.11 WLAN
436(4)
15.4.3 Mobile IP Security
440(1)
Exercises
441(1)
References
442(1)
16 Facilities Infrastructure
443(24)
16.1 Communications Towers
444(6)
16.1.1 Protecting Planes
446(2)
16.1.2 Other Considerations
448(2)
16.2 Power Supplies and Protection
450(12)
16.2.1 Power Consumption
450(3)
16.2.2 Electrical Protection
453(9)
16.3 Additional Topics
462(2)
16.3.1 RF Cables
462(1)
16.3.2 Building Automation and Control Systems
463(1)
16.3.3 Physical Security
463(1)
Exercises
464(1)
References
465(2)
17 Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations
467(20)
17.1 Agreements
468(1)
17.1.1 Service-Level Agreements
468(1)
17.1.2 Roaming Agreements
469(1)
17.2 Standards
469(9)
17.2.1 IEEE
470(1)
17.2.2 Example: Standards Development-IEEE 802.16
471(1)
17.2.3 ITU
471(4)
17.2.4 IETF
475(1)
17.2.5 3GPP
475(1)
17.2.6 Revisions, Amendments, Corrections, and Changes
475(3)
17.2.7 Intellectual Property
478(1)
17.3 Policies
478(1)
17.4 Regulations
479(5)
17.4.1 Licensed vs. Unlicensed Spectrum
480(1)
17.4.2 Example: Regulatory Process for Ultrawideband
481(3)
Exercises
484(1)
References
484(3)
Exercise Solutions 487(10)
Appendix A: Some Formulas And Identities 497(2)
Appendix B: WCET Glossary Equation Index 499(2)
Appendix C: WCET Exam Tips 501(2)
Appendix D: Symbols 503(6)
Appendix E: Acronyms 509(10)
Index 519
K. Daniel Wong, Phd (Stanford), is a member of the Practice Analysis Task Force (PATF), which was organized by the IEEE Communications Society and created the initial list of topics for the WCET. After teaching at the Malaysia University of Science and Technology, he started his own training and consulting company in wireless networking and software. He often teaches a variety of highly rated and well received courses on wireless communications. In addition, he has contributed to numerous books, journal and magazine papers, and conference papers.
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