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E-raamat: Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation

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Series edited by (University of Liverpool, UK), Series edited by (MIT), Series edited by (BAE Systems, UK), (University of Kansas)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119414988
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Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources in Sustainable AviationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119414988
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A comprehensive review of the science and engineering behind future propulsion systems and energy sources in sustainable aviation

Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources: in sustainable aviation is a comprehensive reference that offers a review of the science and engineering principles that underpin the concepts of propulsion systems and energy sources in sustainable air transportation. The author – a noted expert in the field – examines the impact of air transportation on the environment and reviews alternative jet fuels, hybrid-electric and nuclear propulsion and power. He also explores modern propulsion for transonic and supersonic-hypersonic aircraft and the impact of propulsion on aircraft design.

Climate change is the main driver for the new technology development in sustainable air transportation. The book contains critical review of gas turbine propulsion and aircraft aerodynamics; followed by an insightful presentation of the aviation impact on environment. Future fuels and energy sources are introduced in a separate chapter. Promising technologies in propulsion and energy sources are identified leading to pathways to sustainable aviation. To facilitate the utility of the subject, the book is accompanied by a website that contains illustrations, and equation files. This important book: 

  • Contains a comprehensive reference to the science and engineering behind propulsion and power in sustainable air transportation
  • Examines the impact of air transportation on the environment
  • Covers alternative jet fuels and hybrid-electric propulsion and power
  • Discusses modern propulsion for transonic, supersonic and hypersonic aircraft
  • Examines the impact of propulsion system integration on aircraft design

Written for engineers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical and aerospace engineering, Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources: in sustainable aviation explores the future of aviation with a guide to sustainable air transportation that includes alternative jet fuels, hybrid-electric propulsion, all-electric and nuclear propulsion.

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations and Acronyms xix
About the Companion Website xxvii
1 Aircraft Engines - A Review
1(108)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Aerothermodynamics of Working Fluid
1(11)
1.2.1 Isentropic Process and Isentropic Flow
6(1)
1.2.2 Conservation of Mass
6(1)
1.2.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum
7(1)
1.2.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum
7(1)
1.2.5 Conservation of Energy
8(2)
1.2.6 Speed of Sound and Mach Number
10(1)
1.2.7 Stagnation State
11(1)
1.3 Thrust and Specific Fuel Consumption
12(8)
1.3.1 Takeoff Thrust
16(1)
1.3.2 Installed Thrust - Some Bookkeeping Issues on Thrust and Drag
16(2)
1.3.3 Air-Breathing Engine Performance Parameters
18(1)
1.3.3.1 Specific Thrust
18(1)
1.3.3.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Specific Impulse
19(1)
1.4 Thermal and Propulsive Efficiency
20(7)
1.4.1 Thermal Efficiency
20(2)
1.4.2 Propulsive Efficiency
22(2)
1.4.3 Engine Overall Efficiency and Its Impact on Aircraft Range and Endurance
24(3)
1.5 Gas Generator
27(1)
1.6 Engine Components
28(24)
1.6.1 The Inlet
28(2)
1.6.2 The Nozzle
30(6)
1.6.3 The Compressor
36(4)
1.6.4 The Combustor
40(4)
1.6.5 The Turbine
44(8)
1.7 Performance Evaluation of a Turbojet Engine
52(2)
1.8 Turbojet Engine with an Afterburner
54(5)
1.8.1 Introduction
54(2)
1.8.2 Analysis
56(3)
1.9 Turbofan Engine
59(25)
1.9.1 Introduction
59(1)
1.9.2 Analysis of a Separate-Exhaust Turbofan Engine
60(4)
1.9.3 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine
64(1)
1.9.4 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine
65(4)
1.9.5 Ultra-High Bypass (UHB) Geared Turbofan Engines
69(4)
1.9.6 Analysis of Mixed-Exhaust Turbofan Engines with Afterburners
73(1)
1.9.6.1 Mixer
74(2)
1.9.6.2 Mixed-Turbofan Cycle Analysis
76(1)
1.9.6.3 Solution Procedure
77(7)
1.10 Turboprop Engine
84(11)
1.10.1 Introduction
84(1)
1.10.2 Turboprop Cycle Analysis
85(1)
1.10.2.1 The New Parameters
85(1)
1.10.2.2 Design-Point Analysis
86(4)
1.10.2.3 Optimum Power Split between the Propeller and the Jet
90(4)
1.10.2.4 Advanced Propeller: Prop-Fan
94(1)
1.11 High-Speed Air-Breathing Engines
95(8)
1.11.1 Supersonic Combustion Ramjet
99(1)
1.11.1.1 Inlet Analysis
99(2)
1.11.1.2 Scramjet Combustor
101(2)
1.11.1.3 Scramjet Nozzle
103(1)
1.12 Rocket-Based Airbreathing Propulsion
103(1)
1.13 Summary
104(5)
References
105(4)
2 Aircraft Aerodynamics - A Review
109(92)
2.1 Introduction
109(2)
2.2 Similarity Parameters in Compressible Flow: Flight vs. Wind Tunnel
111(2)
2.3 Physical Boundary Conditions on a Solid Wall (in Continuum Mechanics)
113(2)
2.4 Profile and Parasite Drag
115(26)
2.4.1 Boundary Layers
115(1)
2.4.1.1 Case 1: Incompressible Laminar Flow
116(9)
2.4.1.2 Case 2: Laminar Compressible Boundary Layers
125(4)
2.4.1.3 Case 3: Turbulent Boundary Layers
129(3)
2.4.1.4 Case 4: Transition
132(3)
2.4.2 Profile Drag of an Airfoil
135(6)
2.5 Drag Due to Lift
141(9)
2.5.1 Classical Theory
141(6)
2.5.2 Optimal Spanloading: The Case of Bell Spanload
147(3)
2.6 Waves in Supersonic Flow
150(7)
2.6.1 Speed of Sound
150(2)
2.6.2 Normal Shock Wave
152(1)
2.6.3 Oblique Shock Waves
152(3)
2.6.4 Expansion Waves
155(2)
2.7 Compressibility Effects and Critical Mach Number
157(4)
2.8 Drag Divergence Phenomenon and Supercritical Airfoil
161(2)
2.9 Wing Sweep
163(3)
2.10 Delta Wing Aerodynamics
166(3)
2.10.1 Vortex Breakdown
167(2)
2.11 Area-Rule in Transonic Aircraft
169(2)
2.12 Optimum Shape for Slender Body of Revolution of Length I in Supersonic Flow
171(4)
2.12.1 Sears-Haack Body
174(1)
2.12.2 Von Karman Ogive of Length I and Base Area, S(C), for Minimum Axisymmetric Nose Wave Drag
175(1)
2.13 High-Lift Devices: Multi-Element Airfoils
175(4)
2.14 Powered Lift and STOL Aircraft
179(1)
2.15 Laminar Flow Control, LFC
180(2)
2.16 Aerodynamic Figures of Merit
182(6)
2.17 Advanced Aircraft Designs and Technologies for Leaner, Greener Aviation
188(6)
2.18 Summary
194(7)
References
195(6)
3 Understanding Aviation's Impact on the Environment
201(82)
3.1 Introduction
201(1)
3.2 Combustion Emissions
202(73)
3.2.1 Greenhouse Gases
202(3)
3.2.2 Carbon Monoxide, CO, and Unburned Hydrocarbons, UHC
205(3)
3.2.3 Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx
208(1)
3.2.4 Impact of NO on Ozone in Lower and Upper Atmosphere
209(1)
3.2.4.1 Lower Atmosphere
209(2)
3.2.4.2 Upper Atmosphere
211(2)
3.2.5 Impact of NOx Emissions on Surface Air Quality
213(1)
3.2.6 Soot/Smoke and Particulate Matter (PM)
214(1)
3.2.7 Contrails, Cirrus Clouds, and Impact on Climate
215(1)
3.3 Engine Emission Standards
215(1)
3.4 Low-Emission Combustors
216(3)
3.5 Aviation Fuels
219(6)
3.6 Interim Summary on Combustion Emission Impact on the Environment
225(2)
3.7 Aviation Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emission: Quantified
227(5)
3.8 Noise
232(21)
3.8.1 Introduction
232(1)
3.8.1.1 General Discussion
232(4)
3.8.1.2 Sound Intensity
236(1)
3.8.1.3 Acoustic Power
236(1)
3.8.1.4 Levels and Decibels
237(1)
3.8.1.5 Sound Power Level in Decibels, dB
237(1)
3.8.1.6 Sound Intensity Level in Decibels, dB
237(1)
3.8.1.7 Sound Pressure Level in Decibels, dB
237(1)
3.8.1.8 Multiple Sources
237(1)
3.8.1.9 Overall Sound Pressure Level in Decibels, dB
238(1)
3.8.1.10 Octave Band, One-Third Octave Band, and Tunable Filters
238(1)
3.8.1.11 Adding and Subtracting Noise Sources
239(1)
3.8.1.12 Weighting
239(1)
3.8.1.13 Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL), dB, and Other Metrics
240(1)
3.8.1.14 Pulsating Sphere: Model of a Monopole
241(1)
3.8.1.15 Two Monopoles: Model of a Dipole
242(1)
3.8.1.16 Two Dipoles: Model of Quadrupole
243(1)
3.8.2 Sources of Noise Near Airports
244(1)
3.8.3 Engine Noise
245(4)
3.8.4 Subsonic Jet Noise
249(2)
3.8.5 Supersonic Jet Noise
251(2)
3.9 Engine Noise Directivity Pattern
253(3)
3.10 Noise Reduction at the Source
256(7)
3.10.1 Wing Shielding
256(1)
3.10.2 Fan Noise Reduction
256(4)
3.10.3 Subsonic Jet Noise Mitigation
260(1)
3.10.3.1 Chevron Nozzle
260(1)
3.10.3.2 Acoustic Liner in Exhaust Core
261(1)
3.10.4 Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction
262(1)
3.11 Sonic Boom
263(5)
3.12 Aircraft Noise Certification
268(4)
3.13 NASA's Vision: Quiet Green Transport Technology
272(1)
3.14 FAA's Vision: NextGen Technology
273(1)
3.15 The European Vision for Sustainable Aviation
274(1)
3.16 Summary
275(8)
References
276(7)
4 Future Fuels and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation
283(42)
4.1 Introduction
283(5)
4.2 Alternative Jet Fuels (AJFs)
288(17)
4.2.1 Choice of Feedstock
291(1)
4.2.2 Conversion Pathways to Jet Fuel
292(1)
4.2.3 AJF Evaluation and Certification/Qualification
293(1)
4.2.4 Impact of Biofuel on Emissions
294(2)
4.2.5 Advanced Biofuel Production
296(7)
4.2.6 Lifecycle Assessment of Bio-Based Aviation Fuel
303(2)
4.2.7 Conversion of Bio-Crops to Electricity
305(1)
4.3 Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG
305(3)
4.3.1 Composition of Natural Gas and LNG
307(1)
4.4 Hydrogen
308(4)
4.4.1 Hydrogen Production
310(2)
4.4.2 Hydrogen Delivery and Storage
312(1)
4.4.3 Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density and Liquid Fuel Cost
312(1)
4.5 Battery Systems
312(6)
4.5.1 Battery Energy Density
314(1)
4.5.2 Open-Cycle Battery Systems
315(1)
4.5.3 Charging Batteries in Flight: Two Examples
316(1)
4.5.4 All-Electric Aircraft: Voltair Concept Platform
316(2)
4.6 Fuel Cell
318(2)
4.7 Fuels for the Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR)
320(1)
4.8 Summary
321(4)
References
322(3)
5 Promising Technologies in Propulsion and Power
325(78)
5.1 Introduction
325(1)
5.2 Gas Turbine Engine
326(4)
5.2.1 Brayton Cycle: Simple Gas Turbine Engine
326(1)
5.2.2 Turbofan Engine
327(3)
5.3 Distributed Combustion Concepts in Advanced Gas Turbine Engine Core
330(5)
5.4 Multifuel (Cryogenic-Kerosene), Hybrid Propulsion Concept
335(1)
5.5 Intercooled and Recuperated Turbofan Engines
335(5)
5.6 Active Core Concepts
340(1)
5.7 Topping Cycle: Wave Rotor Combustion
340(11)
5.8 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE)
351(1)
5.9 Humphrey Cycle vs. Brayton: Thermodynamics
351(7)
5.9.1 Idealized Laboratory PDE: Thrust Tube
353(2)
5.9.2 Pulse Detonation Ramjets
355(1)
5.9.3 Turbofan Engine with PDE
356(1)
5.9.4 Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine (PDRE)
357(1)
5.9.5 Vehicle-Level Performance Evaluation of PDE
358(1)
5.10 Boundary-Layer Ingestion (BLI) and Distributed Propulsion (DP) Concept
358(9)
5.10.1 Aircraft Drag Reduction Through BLI
360(2)
5.10.2 Aircraft Noise Reduction: Advanced Concepts
362(3)
5.10.3 Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) of a BWB Aircraft with BLI
365(2)
5.11 Distributed Propulsion Concept in Early Aviation
367(1)
5.12 Distributed Propulsion in Modern Aviation
368(16)
5.12.1 Optimal Number of Propulsors in Distributed Propulsion
371(1)
5.12.2 Optimal Propulsor Types in Distributed Propulsion
372(12)
5.13 Interim Summary on Electric Propulsion (EP)
384(2)
5.14 Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine; SABRE
386(2)
5.15 Compact Fusion Reactor: The Path to Clean, Unlimited Energy
388(1)
5.16 Aircraft Configurations Using Advanced Propulsion Systems
389(6)
5.17 Summary
395(8)
References
396(7)
6 Pathways to Sustainable Aviation
403(8)
6.1 Introduction
403(1)
6.2 Pathways to Certification
403(2)
6.3 Energy Pathways in Sustainable Aviation
405(2)
6.4 Future of GT Engines
407(2)
6.5 Summary
409(2)
References
410(1)
Index 411
Saeed Farokhi is a Chancellor's Club Distinguished Teaching Professor and Professor in the Aerospace Engineering department at the University of Kansas, USA. His main areas of research are propulsion systems, flow control, airdata sensors, renewable energy (wind turbines) and computational fluid dynamics.
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