Preface |
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vii | |
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Foreword |
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xi | |
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1 Geology, a story of layers |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 The globe and the various layers that make it up |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Strike and dip of a layer |
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2 | (2) |
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1.3 Geometric relationships between dip and topography using the three points method |
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4 | (2) |
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1.4 3D models of layers intersecting a topography |
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6 | (7) |
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Information box: valley morphology |
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9 | (4) |
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2 When strata cross and overlie each other: the concept of unconformity |
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13 | (20) |
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2.1 Definition and historical importance of the concept of unconformity |
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13 | (2) |
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Information box: geological time and philosophy |
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14 | (1) |
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2.2 Overview of unconformities, the concept of basement and cover, great regional unconformities |
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15 | (6) |
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2.3 Great ocean unconformities, the concept of a "break-up unconformity" |
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21 | (1) |
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2.4 Dating an unconformity |
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22 | (5) |
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2.5 Dating the duration of an event |
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27 | (1) |
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2.6 Unconformity model for 3D printing |
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27 | (6) |
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3 When strata fracture: faults |
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33 | (22) |
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3.1 Fracture theory (Mohr's circle and envelope) |
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33 | (10) |
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Information box: triaxial stress condition |
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36 | (4) |
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Information box: when rocks fracture in other ways |
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40 | (3) |
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3.2 The main categories of faults |
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43 | (4) |
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3.3 The consequences of movement on faults |
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47 | (3) |
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3.4 Elemental structures resulting from combinations of faults |
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50 | (2) |
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3.5 Printable 3D models of faults and associations of faults |
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52 | (3) |
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4 When strata fold without breaking too much: detachment folds |
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55 | (20) |
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55 | (1) |
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4.2 Some basic concepts relating to folds |
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56 | (6) |
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Information box: relationships between folds and cleavage |
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59 | (3) |
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4.3 Horizontal shortening, excess surface area and detachment depth: toward the kinematics of detachment folds |
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62 | (6) |
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4.4 3D models of detachment folds |
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68 | (3) |
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4.5 The role of the basement: "thin-skinned" tectonics and "thick-skinned" tectonics |
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71 | (4) |
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5 When folds and faults interact: fault-related folds and fold-and-thrust belts |
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75 | (26) |
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5.1 The concept of fault-bend folding |
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75 | (5) |
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5.2 Kinematics of fault-bend folding |
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80 | (2) |
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5.3 Fault-propagation folding: geometry and kinematics |
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82 | (2) |
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5.4 Variations and limits of kinematic models of fault-bend folds |
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84 | (4) |
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5.5 3D models of fault-bend folds |
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88 | (6) |
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Information box: folding of strata and analog models |
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91 | (3) |
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5.6 Interaction of individual structures in fold-and-thrust belts |
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94 | (7) |
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6 When the salt plays the major role: the effects of salt activity and the concept of salt tectonics |
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101 | (12) |
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6.1 Deposition of salt and geodynamics |
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101 | (1) |
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6.2 Definition of the different types of salt-related structures |
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101 | (4) |
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6.3 Causes of salt mobility |
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105 | (6) |
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6.4 Printable 3D models of salt-related structures |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (8) |
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Practical tips for designing and printing 3D objects |
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113 | (3) |
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Toward 3D models representing real examples |
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116 | (1) |
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Other applications in the field of earth sciences |
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117 | (4) |
Glossary |
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121 | (6) |
Stratigraphic chart |
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127 | (4) |
Bibliography |
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131 | (4) |
Index |
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135 | |