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E-raamat: Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria

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  • Sari: Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 120
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jun-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540926856
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 120
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jun-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540926856

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Contains details on the geological units of Nigeria and the associated mineral resources. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 discusses the geology of the crystalline rocks and their regional distribution while the sedimentary basins constitute the subject of Part 2. Part 3 takes the mineral resources of Nigeria one on one, their geological environment, mode of occurrence, localities and where possible the reserves estimation. Thereafter, an account of the previous and current mining policies (including that of petroleum) of the Nigerian government is given and goes ahead to list some specific investment opportunities in the solid minerals sector.



Nigeria is a vast country with considerable wealth in natural resources. This book provides a detailed description of Nigeria’s geology and mineral resources with the aim of promoting sustainable economic development of Nigeria’s mineral and petroleum sectors.

Introduction 1
Part I Geology – Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
1 The Basement Complex
13
The Migmatite – Gneiss Complex (MGC)
14
The Schist Belt (Metascdimentary and Metavolcanic Rocks)
19
Case Studies on Schist Belts (Derived Mainly from Turner, 1983)
20
Comments on the Kiharan and Pan African Orogenies
26
The Older Granites (Pan African Granitoids)
27
Charnockites
28
Undeformed Acid and Basic Dykes
29
2 The Younger Granites
31
General Description
31
Hydrothermai Alteration
37
Sodic Metasomatisn
38
Potassic Metasothatism
39
Acid (Hydrogen Ion)Metasomatism and Hydration
40
Chloritic (Pmpylitic) Alteratiou and Fitiorization
40
Silica Metasomatism
41
Argilic Alteration
41
Geochemistry the Alteration Processes
41
Structural Setting and Styles of Mineralization
42
Envinmmentai Zones of Deposition
42
Styles Mineralization
43
3 Cretaceous – Cenozoic Magmatism and Volcanism
49
The Cameroon Line
51
Controls of Cenozoic Magmatism
52
Economic Potential of Cenozoic Voicanics
52
Part II Geology – Sedimentary Basins
4 The Benue Trough
57
The Lower Benue Trough and the Anambra Basin
60
The Middle Benue Trough
62
The Upper Benue Trough
65
5 The Bornu Basin (Nigerian Sector of the Chad Basin)
69
Geological and Hydrogeological Setting
69
Tectonic Setting
71
Pan African Crustal Consolidation Stage (750-550 Ma)
71
Early Rift Stage (130-98 Ma)
71
Late Rift Stage (98-75 Ma)
71
Post Rift Stage (66-0 Ma)
72
Lithostratigraphy
72
The Bima Sandstone
73
The Gongila Formation
73
The Fika Shale
74
The Gombe Sandstone
75
The Kerri–Kerri Formation
75
The Chad Formation
75
6 The Sokoto Basin (Nigerian Sector of the lullemmeden Basin)
77
Pre-Maastrichtian Deposits (The Continental Intercalaire)
77
Maastrichtian Deposits (The Rima Group)
80
The Taloka Formation
80
The Dukamaje Formation
81
The Wurno Formation
81
Paleocene Deposits (The Sokoto Group)
82
The Dange Formation
82
The Kalambaina Formation
83
The Gamba Formation
84
Palaeobiogeographical Deductions and the Transaharan Seaway
85
Post-Paleocene Deposits (The Continental Terminal)
86
The Gwandu Formation
87
Lateritic and Ferruginous Cappings
88
7 The Mid-Niger (Bida) Basin
91
Stratigraphic Setting and Paleogeography
92
Lithostratigraphy and Depositional Environments
93
Central/Northern Bida Basin
95
The Bida Sandstone
95
The Sakpe Ironstone
95
The Enagi Siltstone
95
The Batati Formation
95
Southern Bida Basin
96
The Lokoja Formation
96
The Patti Formation
96
The Agbaja Formation
98
A Case Study on the Doko and Jima Members of the Bida Sandstone
98
The Doko Member
98
The Jima Member
99
Depositional Environments
100
The Doko Member
100
The Jima Member
100
8 The Dahomey Basin
103
Stratigraphic Nomenclature
105
Litho-Biostratigraphy
106
The Abeokuta Formation
106
The Araromi Formation
107
9 The Niger Delta Basin
109
Stratigraphic Framework
109
Structural Geology
111
Sand Fairways and Sequence Stratigraphy
112
Part III Mineral Resources
10 Solid Mineral Resources
117
Introduction
117
Solid Minerals in the Basement Complex Including the Younger Granites
117
Iron Deposits
117
Gold and the Other Precious Metals
122
Tin-Tantalum-Niobium Pegmatites
124
Chromite, Nickel, Talc and Asbestos
127
Ni-Sulphide and Base-Metal Deposits
128
Manganese
128
Uranium
129
Uranium Mineralization in Migmatite-Gneiss Complex
129
Uranium Mineralization in the Older Granites
130
Uranium Mineralization in the Younger Granites
130
Industrial Mineral Deposits
131
Gemstones
135
Solid Minerals in the Sedimentary Basins
135
Barytes
135
Lead-Zinc
138
Coal
140
The Coniacian Coals
140
The Campano-Maastrichtian Coals
143
Clays
144
Limestone, Phosphates and Gypsum
145
Brine-Fields/Salt Deposits
148
Uranium in the Sedimentary Basins
152
Tar Sands/Bitumen
154
11 Petroleum Resources
155
Introduction
155
Hydrocarbon Habitat of the Niger Delta
156
Potentials in the Inland Basins
158
Lower Benue Trough/Anambra Basin
159
Middle Benue Trough
162
Upper Benue Trough
164
Chad Basin
171
Mid-Niger/Bida Basin
174
Coal Deposits in the Benue Trough as Potential Hydrocarbon Source Rocks
177
Some Remarks on Potential Petroleum Systems in the Inland Basins
178
12 Policy Issues and Development Options
183
Solid Minerals
183
Policy Evolution and Governance of the Sector
183
Current/Ongoing Reforms in the Solid Minerals Sector (As at 2008)
185
Suggested Policy Modifications
187
Specific Development Options Based ou the Occurnence of SomeMineral Deposits in Nigeria
189
Petroleum
190
Natural Gas
193
Petroleum Legislation and Policy Evolution
194
Current Policy Thrusts and Reforms in the Oil and Gas Sector
195
About the Author 203
Bibliography 205
Index 217
Nuhu Obaje is currently Professor of Geology at the Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. He was formerly the Dean of the Faculty of Natural & Applied Sciences and the Head of the Department of Geology & Mining (Jan. 2004 April 2008). He is a member of the Governing Council of the institution. As Dean of the Faculty of Natural & Applied Sciences, he supervised the accreditation of all the courses in the Faculty and was instrumental to several collaborations and university-industry partnerships.









Professor Obaje was selected by the Alfried Krupp Foundation in 2007 as one of five Senior Research Scientists selected on a world-wide competition for scientists who have made significant contributions to scientific research in their specialized fields to spend time at the Alfried Krupp Institute for Advanced Studies in Greifswald, Germany to complete a selected major research work.









Professor Obaje was born on the 15th December 1961 at Ajaka in Igalamela Local Government Area of Kogi State (Nigeria). He attended Barewa College Zaria in the period from 1974 to 1979 and obtained the West African School Certificate (WASC/GCE) in Division One in June 1979. He later graduated B.Sc. (2nd Class Upper Division) and M.Sc. Geology from the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 1984 and 1987 respectively; and the Ph.D. Geology from the University of Tuebingen (Germany) in 1994.









Professor Obaje was later awarded the Royal Society of London postdoctoral fellowship in petroleum geochemistry at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland in 1997; the German Academic Exchange Service (re-invitation) postdoctoral fellowship in biostratigraphy at the University of Tuebingen in 1998; and the Alexander von Humboldt research fellowship in organic geochemistry and organic petrology at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources in Hanover/Germany in 2002-2003. (for one year) and 2005 2006(for 3 months). Professor Obaje also held research tenures in the Exploration Departments of Chevron Nigeria Limited, Lagos (1997-1998) and the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited in Portharcourt (2000-2001). He has served as a Lecturer at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (1985 1997) and was Associate Professor at the Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi up to December 2003. He also served as an Assistant Director and Special Assistant to then Executive Chairman and former Head of Service (Alhaji Adamu Fika) at the Federal Character Commission of the Presidency in Abuja briefly between 1999 and 2000, before leaving for Shell.









Nuhu was a recipient of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Grants-in-Aid (maximum cash awardable) for parts of his Ph.D. research on the petroleum geology of the Benue Trough and was two times first prize award winner for the best papers presented at the 28th and 33rd annual conferences of the Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS) in 1993 and 2000 respectively (which respectively entailed a one week visit to Elf Petroleum laboratories in Pau, France). His biography is cited in the 19th edition of Marquis Whos Who in the World of 2002. He was also nominated by the American Biographical Institute as Man of the Year for 2004.









Professor Obaje was a member of the Nigerian government Presidential Committee on Oil and Gas Sector Policy Reform for the National Council on Privatization (2000 2008). He has been a resource person on several occasions to the Geological Survey of Nigeria Agency on the review of different segments of the geological map of Nigeria. He is also a member of the Steering Committee and Assessor of the Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) Annual Research Grants Competition programme and resource person in the Peer Review of the PTDF Professorial Chair Endowment programme. He has served as assessor for professorialappointments in several Nigerian universities including ABU-Zaria, University of Ado-Ekiti, FUT-Minna and University of Jos. He has been a longstanding reviewer for scientific papers in the Journal of Mining & Geology, Global Journal of Geological Sciences, Petroleum Training Journal, African Journal of Microbiology Research, etc; and has himself published over 50 articles in reputable international journals. He has served and still serving as external examiner to many Nigerian universities for undergraduate and postgraduate examinations in the geosciences. Widely traveled and cosmopolitan, Nuhu has visited Algeria, Belgium, Benin Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Niger Republic, Qatar, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Tunisia, United Kingdom, and the United States of America.