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E-raamat: Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: AGU Advanced Textbooks
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Jan-2022
  • Kirjastus: American Geophysical Union
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119299882
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Geology and Mineralogy of GemstonesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: AGU Advanced Textbooks
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Jan-2022
  • Kirjastus: American Geophysical Union
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119299882
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Understanding gemstones in a geological context

Gemstones are colorful treasures of the Earth that have captivated humans for thousands of years. The physical and chemical characteristics of each type of gem provide insights into the geological processes that created them.

Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones is a textbook aimed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. It presents the basic mineralogical and geological knowledge needed to understand gemstones and examines the characteristics and geological origins of different types of gemstone.

Volume highlights include:





Concepts in mineralogy Structure and chemical composition of minerals Geological processes that lead to the formation and movement of gemstones Equipment and tools used to examine gemstones and their physical properties

The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Part I Developing Base Knowledge
1(62)
1 Minerals and Mineralogy
3(10)
1.1 Minerals and Rocks
3(1)
1.2 What is a Gemstone?
3(1)
1.3 Atoms, Elements, and Bonding
4(5)
1.3.1 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
4(1)
1.3.2 Atomic Mass
5(1)
1.3.3 Atomic Structure, Electrical Charges, and Ions
5(1)
1.3.4 Elements
6(1)
1.3.5 Element Groups
6(1)
1.3.6 Elemental Abundance in the Earth's Crust
7(1)
1.3.7 Compounds and Mixtures
8(1)
1.3.8 Chemical Bonds
8(1)
1.4 Physical Properties of Minerals
9(2)
References
11(2)
2 Basics of Rocks and Geology
13(16)
2.1 Earth System Science
13(1)
2.2 The Earth's Structure and Plate Tectonics
13(6)
2.3 General Rock Types and the Rock Cycle
19(4)
2.4 Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Fluids
23(1)
2.5 Geological Structures
24(1)
2.6 Important Rock Types for Gemstone Deposits
24(2)
2.1 Weathering, Sedimentation, and Secondary Gem Deposits
26(2)
References
28(1)
3 Intermediate Mineralogy
29(20)
3.1 Structure and Chemistry of Minerals
29(5)
3.1.1 Crystallography and Symmetry
29(3)
3.1.2 Mineral Classes
32(1)
3.1.3 Mineral Formulae
32(1)
3.1.4 Element Substitutions
33(1)
3.2 Light
34(13)
3.2.1 Reflection and Refraction
34(5)
3.2.2 Illumination
39(2)
3.2.3 Dispersion
41(1)
3.2.4 Optic Class
42(1)
3.2.5 Color in Minerals
43(1)
3.2.6 Pleochroism
44(2)
3.2.7 Transparency
46(1)
References
47(2)
4 Concepts of Gemmology and Tools
49(14)
4.1 Concepts of Gemmology
49(2)
4.1.1 Gemmological Properties for Testing, Faceting, and Treatments
49(2)
4.2 Tools
51(9)
4.2.1 Collecting and Field Tools
51(1)
4.2.2 Gemmological Tools
52(5)
4.2.3 Advanced Tools
57(3)
References
60(3)
Part II Gemstones and Their Origins
63(196)
5 Diamond
65(38)
5.1 Introduction
65(2)
5.2 Basic Qualities of Diamond
67(9)
5.2.1 Crystal Structure
68(1)
5.2.2 Crystal Chemistry and Type Classification of Diamond
69(2)
5.2.3 Diamond Crystal Forms
71(3)
5.2.4 Colored Diamonds
74(2)
5.3 Common Diamond Treatments
76(3)
5.4 Synthetic Diamond
79(1)
5.5 Geology of Diamond and Kimberlite
79(5)
5.5.1 Diamond Growth
81(1)
5.5.2 Kimberlite Volcanoes
82(1)
5.5.3 Lamproite
83(1)
5.6 Global Distribution and Production of Diamond
84(8)
5.7 Diamonds from Canada
92(3)
5.8 The 4 Cs
95(3)
5.8.1 Cut
95(1)
5.8.2 Clarity
95(1)
5.8.3 Color
96(2)
5.8.4 Carat
98(1)
5.9 Diamond Shapes
98(1)
5.10 Diamond Valuation
99(1)
5.11 Kimberley Process: A 5th C?
100(1)
References
100(3)
6 Corundum
103(28)
6.1 Introduction
103(1)
6.2 Basic Qualities of Corundum
104(3)
6.2.1 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Corundum
104(1)
6.2.2 Corundum Crystal Forms
104(1)
6.2.3 Colors of Corundum
104(3)
6.3 Faceted Gem Corundum
107(1)
6.4 Corundum Valuation
107(3)
6.5 Corundum Treatments, Synthetics, and Imitations
110(3)
6.6 Geology of Gem Corundum: Three Main Genetic Models
113(11)
6.6.1 Metamorphic Corundum in Silica-Deficient Gneisses, Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks and Marbles
114(4)
6.6.2 Xenocrysts in Alkali Basalts and Lamprophyres
118(2)
6.6.3 Secondary Accumulation in Placers
120(4)
6.7 Rarity of Gem Corundum
124(1)
6.8 Global Distribution and Production of Corundum
124(3)
References
127(4)
7 Beryl
131(22)
7.1 Introduction
131(1)
7.2 Basic Qualities of Beryl
132(6)
7.2.1 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Beryl
132(2)
1.2.2 Colors of Beryl and Gem Varieties
134(4)
7.3 Beryl Valuation
138(2)
7.4 Common Treatments, Synthetics, and Imitations
140(1)
7.5 Geology of Gem Beryl: Three Main Genetic Models
141(8)
7.5.1 Pegmatitic
141(1)
7.5.2 Magmatic
141(5)
7.5.3 Metamorphic
146(3)
7.6 Large Beryl Crystals
149(1)
7.7 Global Distribution of Beryl
149(1)
References
150(3)
8 Pegmatites
153(32)
8.1 Introduction
153(1)
8.2 Pegmatite Mineralogy
153(1)
8.3 Pegmatite Genesis
154(1)
8.4 Geochemical Families of Pegmatites
155(2)
8.5 Pegmatite Morphology
157(4)
8.6 Corrosion
161(1)
8.7 Rarity of Gem-Bearing Pegmatites
162(1)
8.8 Tourmaline
162(10)
8.8.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Tourmaline
162(3)
8.8.2 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Tourmaline
165(1)
8.8.3 Colors and Gem Varieties of Tourmaline
166(2)
8.8.4 Tourmaline Recognition, Value and Treatments
168(4)
8.9 Spodumene
172(3)
8.9.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Spodumene
172(1)
8.9.2 Colors and Gem Varieties of Spodumene
173(1)
8.9.3 Spodumene Recognition, Value, and Treatments
173(2)
8.10 Topaz
175(1)
8.10.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Topaz
175(1)
8.10.2 Geology of Gem Topaz
176(3)
8.10.3 Colors and Gem Varieties of Topaz
179(2)
8.10.4 Topaz Recognition, Value, and Treatments
181(1)
References
181(4)
9 Chrysoberyl
185(6)
9.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Chrysoberyl
185(1)
9.2 Geology of Gem Chrysoberyl
185(4)
References
189(2)
10 Spinel
191(6)
10.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities qf Spinel
191(1)
10.2 Geology of Gem Spinel
192(3)
References
195(2)
11 Tanzanite
197(4)
11.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Tanzanite
197(1)
11.2 Geology of Tanzanite
197(3)
References
200(1)
12 The Garnet Group
201(8)
12.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of the Garnet Group
201(1)
12.2 Geology of Gem Garnet
201(6)
References
207(2)
13 Jade: Jadeite and Nephrite
209(10)
13.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Jade
209(1)
13.2 Geology of Jade
209(8)
References
217(2)
14 Quartz and Silica Gems
219(12)
14.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Quartz and Silica Gem Varieties
219(1)
14.2 Quartz
219(1)
14.3 Amethyst
220(1)
14.4 Agate
221(1)
14.5 Opal
222(6)
References
228(3)
15 Other Gems
231(20)
15.1 Olivine
231(5)
15.1.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Olivine
231(1)
15.1.2 Geology of Gem Peridot
231(5)
15.2 Turquoise
236(2)
15.2.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Turquoise
236(1)
15.2.2 Geology of Turquoise
237(1)
15.3 Lapis Lazuli
238(5)
15.3.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Lapis Lazuli
238(1)
15.3.2 Geology of Lapis Lazuli
238(5)
15.4 Zircon
243(4)
15.4.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Zircon
243(1)
15.4.2 Geology of Gem Zircon
244(3)
References
247(4)
16 Organic Gems
251(8)
16.1 Amber
251(1)
16.2 Ammolite
251(6)
References
257(2)
Index 259
David Turner, The University of British Columbia, Canada

Lee A. Groat, The University of British Columbia, Canada
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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