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E-raamat: Geotechnical and Exploration Drilling in the Polar Regions

Pavel G. Talalay

Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Sari: Springer Polar Sciences
Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-2023
Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9783031072697

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Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Sari: Springer Polar Sciences
Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-2023
Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9783031072697

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This book provides a comprehensive review of drilling technologies in the polar regions, from the portable drilling equipment for shallow sampling and coring, to heavy drilling equipment for deep onshore and offshore drilling. Particular attention is given to safe drilling methods in permafrost. In recent years, interest in drilling in the polar regions has increased under the pressure of the geopolitical “rush” and the undiscovered resource potential. In addition, borehole monitoring of permafrost thermal states is urgently needed to obtain evidence of climate change. The book focuses on the latest drilling technologies but also discusses the historical development of sampling, and drilling tools and devices, over the last 60–70 years providing valuable insights into a way forward and future possibilities.

1 Drilling Targets in the Polar Regions

(42)

1.1 Introduction to the Polar Regions

(8)

1.1.1 Mapping the Earth's Polar Regions

(2)

1.1.2 Polar Climate

(1)

1.1.3 Polar Regions and Climate Changes

(2)

1.1.4 Territorial Claims in the Arctic and Antarctica

(3)

1.2 Geotechnical Subsurface Investigations in the Polar Regions

(4)

1.3 Mineral Resources in the Polar Regions

(8)

1.3.1 World Resources: Depletion of Existing and Exploration for New Sources

(1)

1.3.2 Mineral Resources in the Arctic

(5)

1.3.3 Mineral Resources in Antarctica

(3)

1.4 Water and Geothermal Resources in the Polar Regions

(7)

1.4.1 Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets as Freshwater Sources

(3)

1.4.2 Water-Well Supply in the Polar Regions

(1)

1.4.3 Geothermal Resources in the Arctic and Antarctica

(3)

1.5 Borehole Disposal in the Polar Regions

(2)

1.5.1 Radioactive Wastes Borehole Disposal

(1)

1.5.2 Sub-Permafrost Carbon Dioxide Storage

(1)

1.6 Scientific Drilling Targets in the Polar Regions

(13)

1.6.1 Permafrost Temperature Monitoring

(2)

1.6.2 Microbiological Studies in Permafrost

(2)

1.6.3 Sedimentology of the Arctic and Southern Oceans

(1)

1.6.4 Studies of Glacial and Subglacial Geology

(1)

1.6.5 Polar Regions as Space Analogs of Extraterrestrial Investigations

(1)

References

(5)

2 Drilling Challenges and Drilling Methods in the Polar Regions

(38)

2.1 Drilling Operation Logistics in the Polar Regions

(5)

2.1.1 All-Weather and Winter Roads

(1)

2.1.2 Railroads

(1)

2.1.3 Air Transport

(1)

2.1.4 River and Sea Transport

(2)

2.1.5 Transport in Antarctica

(1)

2.2 Low-Temperature Challenges in Drilling Operations

(5)

2.2.1 Behavior of Construction Steels at Low Operating Temperatures

(2)

2.2.2 Behavior of Hydraulic Systems at Low Operating Temperatures

(3)

2.3 Permafrost Related Challenges in Drilling

(13)

2.3.1 Permafrost: Types, Distribution, and Thickness

(8)

2.3.2 Challenges Associated with Permafrost Thawing Around the Borehole

(1)

2.3.3 Casing Challenges

(2)

2.3.4 Gas Blowouts from Permafrost

(1)

2.4 Sea Ice Challenges in Offshore Drilling

(2)

2.5 Environmental and Social Impacts from Arctic and Antarctic Exploration

(6)

2.5.1 Environmental Impact from Drilling Operations

(2)

2.5.2 Potential Impacts on the Indigenous People in the Arctic Region

(1)

2.5.3 Environmental Regulations and Protected Areas in Arctic

(1)

2.5.4 Environmental Protection of Antarctic Area

(2)

2.6 Drilling Methods and Drilling Program Planning

(7)

2.6.1 Classification of Drilling Methods

(2)

2.6.2 Planning of the Drilling Program

(1)

References

(4)

3 Non-Coring Physical Methods of Drilling in Frozen Soils

(24)

3.1 Water-Jet Drilling

(11)

3.1.1 Water-Jetting Cutting and Erosion of Frozen Soils

(1)

3.1.2 Low-Pressure Water-Jet Drilling

(7)

3.1.3 High-Pressure Water-Jet Drilling

(3)

3.2 Steam-Jet Drilling

(7)

3.2.1 Steam Points for Frozen Gold-Placer Thawing

(2)

3.2.2 Steam Needles for Drilling Blast Holes

(1)

3.2.3 Steam Drills for Piles Installation

(5)

3.3 Flame-Jet Drilling

(6)

References

102

(3)

4 Non-Rotational Drilling and Sampling in Frozen Soils

105

(34)

4.1 Penetrative and Dynamic Behavior of Frozen Soils

105

(5)

4.1.1 Strength

105

(2)

4.1.2 Compressibility

107

(1)

4.1.3 Impact Resistance

108

(2)

4.2 Direct-Push Drilling

110

(15)

4.2.1 Driving

111

(1)

4.2.2 Drive Sampling

111

(6)

4.2.3 Penetrative Testing of Active Layer Thickness

117

(4)

4.2.4 Cone Penetration Testing

121

(4)

4.3 Percussion and Vibratory Drilling in Frozen Soils

125

(14)

4.3.1 Cable-Tool Drilling

125

(3)

4.3.2 Vibratory Drilling

128

(2)

4.3.3 Hammer Drilling

130

(4)

References

134

(5)

5 Principles of Rotary Drilling in Frozen Soils

139

(26)

5.1 General Considerations of Rotary Drilling in Frozen Soils

139

(4)

5.2 Cutting Mechanics and Drill Bits for Drilling in Frozen Soils

143

(7)

5.2.1 Basic Principles of Cutting in Frozen Soils

143

(2)

5.2.2 General Design of Drill Bits

145

(4)

5.2.3 Force of Cutting and Power Requirements

149

(1)

5.3 Casing Design and Borehole Plugging

150

(15)

5.3.1 Special Features of Casing Design in Frozen Soils

150

(4)

5.3.2 Casing Cementing

154

(2)

5.3.3 Casing-While-Drilling and Duplex Drilling

156

(4)

5.3.4 Dry Borehole Plugging

160

(1)

References

161

(4)

6 Auger and Rotary Dry Drilling in Frozen Soils

165

(24)

6.1 Types of Augers

165

(3)

6.2 Auger Design Considerations

168

(5)

6.3 Solid-Stem Continuous-Flight Augers and Bits

173

(4)

6.4 Auger Core Drilling

177

(1)

6.5 Helical Foundations and Ground Anchors

178

(6)

6.5.1 Screw Piles

178

(1)

6.5.2 Helical Piers

179

(3)

6.5.3 Ground Anchors

182

(2)

6.6 Rotary Dry-Core Drilling

184

(5)

References

186

(3)

7 Rotary Drilling with Fluid Circulation in Frozen Soils

189

(30)

7.1 Temperature Behavior of Borehole

189

(10)

7.1.1 Temperature Distribution of Circulating Drilling Fluid in Borehole

189

(5)

7.1.2 Permafrost Thawing Around Borehole

194

(2)

7.1.3 Preventive Actions of Permafrost Thawing and Drilling-Fluid Coolers

196

(3)

7.2 Nonfreezing Drilling Fluids

199

(11)

7.2.1 Classification and Requirements to Drilling Fluids

199

(2)

7.2.2 Nondispersed Water-Based Drilling Fluids

201

(3)

7.2.3 Dispersed Water-Based Drilling Fluids

204

(4)

7.2.4 Ice-Erosion Capacity of Drilling Fluids

208

(2)

7.3 Rotary-Percussion Fluid-Circulation Drilling

210

(9)

7.3.1 Hydraulic Hammer Core Drilling

210

(2)

7.3.2 Water-Powered, Down-the-Hole Hammer Drilling

212

(2)

7.3.3 Sonic Drilling

214

(1)

References

215

(4)

8 Air and Foam Drilling in Frozen Soils

219

(40)

8.1 Temperature Distribution of Compressed Air in Borehole

219

(4)

8.2 Cooling and Dehumidification of Compressed Air

223

(6)

8.2.1 Normalization of Compressed Air Properties

223

(1)

8.2.2 Natural Heat Exchangers

223

(2)

8.2.3 Thermodynamic Coolers

225

(1)

8.2.4 Refrigerators and Combined Cooling Systems

226

(1)

8.2.5 Dehumidification of Compressed Air

227

(2)

8.3 Air Core Drilling Practices

229

(4)

8.3.1 Equipment Arrangement

229

(1)

8.3.2 Drill Bits

230

(1)

8.3.3 Drilling Parameters

231

(2)

8.4 Rotary-Percussion Air Drilling

233

(7)

8.4.1 Top Hammer Drilling

233

(1)

8.4.2 Down-the-Hole Air-Driven Hammer Drilling

234

(6)

8.5 Foam Drilling

240

(5)

8.6 Selected Field Experience of Drilling Frozen Soils and Rocks with Chilled Air and Foam

245

(14)

8.6.1 Drilling with Chilled Air

245

(5)

8.6.2 Drilling in Rock Glaciers

250

(3)

8.6.3 Trials with Foam Drilling

253

(2)

References

255

(4)

9 Rigs and Drills for Geotechnical and Exploration Rotary Drilling in the Polar Regions

259

(36)

9.1 Classification of Geotechnical and Exploration Rotary Drilling Rigs

259

(3)

9.2 Portable Drills

262

(22)

9.2.1 Man-Portable Dry Core Drills

262

(8)

9.2.2 Non-coring Earth Augers

270

(1)

9.2.3 Auger Core Drills

271

(6)

9.2.4 Man-Portable Core Drills with Fluid-Air Circulation

277

(1)

9.2.5 Portable and Heliportable Drilling Rigs

277

(7)

9.3 Movable and Mobile Drilling Rigs

284

(11)

9.3.1 Purpose-Built Mobile Drilling Rigs

285

(1)

9.3.2 Commercial Movable and Mobile Drilling Rigs

286

(3)

9.3.3 Large Mobile Drilling Rigs for Pile Installation

289

(2)

References

291

(4)

10 Special Drilling Methods in the Polar Regions

295

(44)

10.1 Water-Well Drilling

295

(5)

10.1.1 Types of Groundwater Occurrences

295

(2)

10.1.2 Drilling Methods and Water-Well Design

297

(3)

10.2 Ground-Source Heat Pumps Installation

300

(3)

10.3 Drilling in Frozen Gold Placers

303

(5)

10.3.1 Exploration Drilling

303

(4)

10.3.2 Drilling for Thawing

307

(1)

10.4 Microbiological Drilling and Sampling

308

(5)

10.5 Drilling for Gas Hydrates

313

(11)

10.5.1 Gas-Hydrates Distribution and Offshore Core Sampling

313

(2)

10.5.2 Mallik Site, Mackenzie River Delta

315

(5)

10.5.3 Hot Ice Well, North Slope of Alaska

320

(1)

10.5.4 Mount Elbert Site, North Slope of Alaska

321

(2)

10.5.5 Muri Coalfield Site, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

323

(1)

10.6 Subglacial Geological Sampling and Drilling

324

(9)

10.6.1 Direct-Push Penetrating

325

(3)

10.6.2 Conventional Rotary Drilling

328

(2)

10.6.3 Electromechanical Cable-Suspended Drilling

330

(3)

10.7 Deep Geological Drilling

333

(6)

References

334

(5)

11 Geological and Scientific Offshore Drilling and Core Sampling in Ice-Covered Waters

339

(46)

11.1 Operations from Drilling Vessels

339

(18)

11.1.1 Drilling from Non-Ice Class Vessels

340

(1)

11.1.2 Drilling from Ice-Class Vessels

340

(14)

11.1.3 Drilling from Ice-Bound Barges

354

(3)

11.2 Drilling from Sea Ice and Ice Shelves

357

(6)

11.3 Remotely Controlled Robotic Seabed-Drilling Rigs

363

(5)

11.3.1 GBU-2-4000L and Arktika-2012 Expedition

363

(2)

11.3.2 MeBo70 and Expedition PS 104

365

(3)

11.4 Underwater Core Sampling

368

(17)

11.4.1 Sediment Core Sampling in Arctic and Southern Oceans

368

(7)

11.4.2 Core Sampling of Antarctic Subglacial Sediments

375

(4)

References

379

(6)

Concluding Remarks

385

Dr. Pavel G. Talalay is a Professor at the College of Construction Engineering and Director of the Institute of Polar Science and Engineering at Jilin University, Changchun, China. He holds Drilling Engineer (1984), Ph.D. (1995) and Doc. Eng. (2007) degrees in Exploration Engineering from St. Petersburg Mining University, Russia, where he has worked as Professor and Chair of the Dept. He also worked as a Guest Researcher for the Niels Bohr Institute (Copenhagen University, Denmark) (19981999). His research interests are associated with different aspects of drilling and sampling technologies in ice, permafrost and marine sediments; ice properties and dynamics of ice sheets; environmental problems in the polar regions. He has taken part in eight field expeditions in the Arctic and Antarctica, and was involved in drilling the deepest hole in ice (3769 m), at Vostok Station, Antarctica. He is the author of more than 250 publications. Currently he leads several drilling projects in theArctic and Antarctica.

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