| 1 Introduction: An Evolutionary Riddle |
|
3 | (18) |
|
1.1. Why Is Religion an Evolutionary Dilemma? |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
1.2. Why Are Religions and Cultures Not Entities or Things? |
|
|
7 | (3) |
|
1.3. What Is an Evolutionary Landscape? A Conduit Metaphor |
|
|
10 | (3) |
|
1.4. Why Are Mickey Mouse and Marx Different from God? Limitations of Cognitive and Commitment Theories of Religion |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
|
|
15 | (6) |
| PART I: EVOLUTIONARY SOURCES |
|
|
2 The Mindless Agent: Evolutionary Adaptations and By-products |
|
|
21 | (30) |
|
2.1. Introduction: The Nature of Biological Adaptation |
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
2.2. Evidence for Adaptation: Analogy, Homology, Functional Trade-off, Ontogeny |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
2.3. Sui Generis Human Cognition |
|
|
26 | (6) |
|
2.4. Adaptations as Solutions to Ancestral Tasks |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
2.5. Reverse Engineering and Its Limits |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
2.6. The "Just-So" Story of the Self |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
2.7. The Mystery Tale of Language |
|
|
39 | (4) |
|
2.8. Evolutionary "By-products" |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
2.9. Is the Big Brain Just a Spandrel Maker? |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
2.10. Evolutionary Psychology: A Tentative Research Paradigm |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
2.11. Summary: The Mindless Agent |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
3 God's Creation: Evolutionary Origins of the Supernatural |
|
|
51 | (32) |
|
3.1. Souls and Spirits in Dreams and Shadows |
|
|
51 | (6) |
|
3.2. Modularity and Domain Specificity |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
|
|
59 | (3) |
|
3.4. The Natural Domain of Agency: Evidence from Infant Development |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
3.5. Telic Structures and the Tragedy of Cognition |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
3.6. The Supernatural: Agency's Cultural Domain |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
3.7. Attachment Theory: Are Deities but Parental Surrogates? The Devil They Are |
|
|
71 | (7) |
|
3.8. Summary: Supernatural Agency Is an Evolutionary By-product, Trip-Wired by Predator-Protector-Prey Detection Schema |
|
|
78 | (5) |
| PART II: ABSURD COMMITMENTS |
|
|
4 Counterintuitive Worlds: The Mostly Mundane Nature of Religious Belief |
|
|
83 | (31) |
|
4.1. Natural and Supernatural Causality |
|
|
83 | (5) |
|
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
4.3. Cultural Representations |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
4.4. Relevance and Truth: Why God's Word Cannot Be Disconfirmed |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
|
|
95 | (5) |
|
4.7. Memorability for Minimally Counterintuitive Beliefs and Belief Sets |
|
|
100 | (7) |
|
4.8. Displaying Truth: Metarepresenting Supernatural Worlds |
|
|
107 | (5) |
|
4.9. Summary: Making Possible Logically Impossible Worlds |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
5 The Sense of Sacrifice: Culture, Communication, and Commitment |
|
|
114 | (35) |
|
5.1. Sacrifice: A Nonrecuperable Cost |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
5.2. Altruism: Cooperating to Compete |
|
|
117 | (3) |
|
5.3. Fundamentalist Intolerance of Other "Species" |
|
|
120 | (3) |
|
5.4. Syncretism, Social Competition, and Symbolic Inversion |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
5.5. Social and Supernatural Hierarchy |
|
|
126 | (4) |
|
5.6. The Evolutionary Rationality of Unreasonable Self-Sacrifice |
|
|
130 | (6) |
|
5.7. Sincere Self-Deception: Vengeance and Love |
|
|
136 | (4) |
|
5.8. Ceremonial Mediation, Magic, and Divination |
|
|
140 | (4) |
|
5.9. Summary: Religion's Enduring Embrace |
|
|
144 | (5) |
| PART III: RITUAL PASSIONS |
|
|
6 Ritual and Revelation: The Emotional Mind |
|
|
149 | (25) |
|
6.1. Remembering Rituals: Doctrines and Images |
|
|
149 | (6) |
|
6.2. Some Problems: Liturgy Isn't Logical, Frequent Arousal Isn't Rare |
|
|
155 | (4) |
|
6.3. Schemas and Encoding Specificity: Episodic versus Semantic Memory |
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
6.5. Ceremonially Manipulating Memory's Evolutionary Imperatives |
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
6.6. Spirit Possession, Sudden Conversion, Mystical Experience: Ritual Resolution without Rehearsal |
|
|
165 | (5) |
|
6.7. Routine Ritual: Rehearsal with Only the Promise of Resolution |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
6.8. Summary: Ritual and Revelation: Extraordinary Displays of Ordinary Means |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
7 Waves of Passion: The Neuropsychology of Religion |
|
|
174 | (25) |
|
7.1. Neurobiological Evidence: The Amygdala and Stress Modulation |
|
|
174 | (3) |
|
7.2. Adrenaline-Activating Death Scenes Heighten Religiosity: An Experiment |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
7.3. Neurotheology: Science and Moonshine |
|
|
178 | (6) |
|
7.4. A "God Module" in the Temporal Lobe? Not Likely |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
7.5. Religion and Psychopathology: Epilepsy, Schizophrenia, Autism |
|
|
186 | (7) |
|
7.6. Summary: Mystical Episodes Inspire New Religions, but Don't Make Religion |
|
|
193 | (6) |
| PART IV: MIN DBLIND THEORIES |
|
|
8 Culture without Mind: Sociobiology and Group Selection |
|
|
199 | (37) |
|
8.1. Sociobiology, or Mystical Materialism |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
8.2. Are Norms Units of Cultural Evolution? |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
8.3. Emulation, Display, and Social Stabilization |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
8.4. Functionalism Rules Group Selection |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
8.5. Leapfrogging the Mind |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
8.7. Group Selection in Biology: A Notational Variant of Inclusive Fitness |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
8.8. Case Studies of Human Group Selection? Hardly |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
8.9. Cultural Epidemiology: A Garden Experiment in the Maya Lowlands |
|
|
219 | (5) |
|
8.10. The Spirit of the Commons |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
8.11. Belief Systems as Group Evolutionary Strategies? Don't Believe It |
|
|
227 | (7) |
|
8.12. Summary: Norms and Group-Level Traits Are Notional, Not Natural, Kinds |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
9 The Trouble with Memes: Inference versus Imitation in Cultural Creation |
|
|
236 | (27) |
|
9.1. Memes Are Nonbiological but Strictly Darwinian |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
9.2. What Is Unique about Memes? |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
9.3. Brain and Mind Building |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
9.6. The Multimodular Mind: Evidence for an Alternative |
|
|
243 | (5) |
|
9.7. No Replication without Imitation, Therefore No Replication |
|
|
248 | (3) |
|
9.8. Commandments Don't Command and Religion Doesn't Reproduce |
|
|
251 | (4) |
|
9.9. Imitation versus Inference |
|
|
255 | (6) |
|
9.10. Summary: Cognitive Constraints on Culture |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
10 Conclusion: Why Religion Seems Here to Stay |
|
|
263 | (18) |
|
10.1. Religions are costly, hard-to-fake commitments to counterintuitive worlds |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
10.2. Religions aren't adaptations but do conform to an evolutionary landscape |
|
|
264 | (2) |
|
10.3. Supernatural agents arise by cultural manipulation of stimuli in the natural domain of folkpsychology, which evolved trip-wired to detect animate agents |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
10.4. Metarepresentation allows moral deception but also enables one to imagine supernatural worlds that finesse modular expectations so as to parry the problem |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
10.5. Emotionally motivated self-sacrifice to the supernatural stabilizes in-group moral order, inspiring competition with out-groups and so creating new religious forms |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
10.6. Existential anxieties (e.g., death) motivate religious belief and practice, so only emotional assuaging of such anxieties-never reason alone-validates religion |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
10.7. Neurobiological comparisons of mystical states (e.g., trance) to pathological states (schizophrenia, epilepsy) underplay agency and prefrontal cortical activity |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
10.8. Sociobiology (unknown genes direct religious behaviors) and group selection theory (religious cultures are superorganisms) ignore minds as causes of religion |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
10.9. Religious notions don't replicate as memes imitated in host minds but recreate across minds through inferences and evocations driven by modular constraints |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
10.10. Secular Science and Religion: Coexistence or a Zero-Sum Game? |
|
|
274 | (7) |
| Notes |
|
281 | (20) |
| References |
|
301 | (36) |
| Index |
|
337 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta