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E-raamat: Grammaticalization

(Emeritus Professor at the Institute of African Studies and Egyptology, University of Cologne), (Professor at the Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University)
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GrammaticalizationSuurem pilt
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This textbook introduces and explains the fundamental issues, major research questions, and current approaches in the study of grammaticalization - the development of new grammatical forms from lexical items, and of further grammatical functions from existing grammatical forms. Grammaticalization has been a vibrant research field in recent years, and has proven effective in explaining a wide range of phenomena; it has even been claimed that the only true language universals are diachronic, and are related to cross-linguistic processes of grammaticalization.

The chapters provide a detailed account of the major issues in the field: foundational questions such as directionality, criteria and parameters of grammaticalization, and phases and cycles; the much-debated issue of the motivations behind grammaticalization, including the role of language contact and typological influences; the advantages and disadvantages of different theoretical approaches; and the relationship between grammaticalization and process such as lexicalization, exaptation, and the development of discourse markers. Each chapter offers guidance on further reading, and concludes with study questions to encourage further discussion; there is also a glossary of key terminology in the field. Thanks to its comprehensive approach, the volume will serve as both a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students and a valuable reference work for researchers in the field.

Arvustused

The book is well-written, easy to follow, and appropriately balanced for both in-depth and broad understandings of grammaticalization ... it provides excellent discussion questions, extra reading material, and the right amount of complex-to-easy content that students taking a class on historical linguistics, grammaticalization, or related disciplines, as well as any scholar embarking on grammaticalization research would highly benefit from. * Jack Pruett, LINGUIST * This new textbook provides an excellent understanding of grammaticalization and the mechanisms it uses. It provides an overview of various definitions and presents exciting examples, using very up-to-date studies. A variety of approaches to grammaticalization is discussed, as well as the possible motivations for the changes involved. The authors consider broader issues as well, e.g. typology and language contact, and go "beyond grammaticalization" in discussing lexicalization and de/regrammaticalization. * Elly van Gelderen, Arizona State University * This is the first comprehensive treatment of grammaticalization in nearly twenty years, written by two very renowned scholars in the field. Its range and scope are impressive. The text is remarkably up-to-date and cites a wealth of scholarship, often reconciling contrasting theories and concepts. The terminological morass of grammaticalization studies is faced head on, with light shed on a number of problematic terms, such as scope, bleaching, and decategorialization. Examples are taken from a wide range of languages, including many non-Indo-European ones. The text is essential reading for advanced students of grammaticalization as well as seasoned scholars. * Laurel Brinton, University of British Columbia * Grammaticalization is a very accessible, up-to-date introduction to the field that is well-tailored to the needs of students and scholars with little to no previous knowledge of the topic. * David Paul Gerards, Journal of Pragmatics *

Preface xi
List of figures and tables
xiii
Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction
1(41)
1.1 What is grammaticalization?
1(7)
1.2 Primary vs. secondary grammaticalization
8(1)
1.3 Unidirectionality
9(4)
1.4 Direction of semantic change in grammaticalization and expansion of scope
13(3)
1.5 Grammaticalization as explanation
16(9)
1.6 How to study grammaticalization
25(15)
1.6.1 Diachronic grammaticalization studies
26(5)
1.6.2 Grammaticalization as a synchronic concept
31(5)
1.6.3 Reconstruction
36(4)
1.7 Overview of the remainder of the book
40(1)
Discussion points
41(1)
2 Criteria, Parameters, And Other Variables
42(13)
2.1 An overview
43(5)
2.2 Discussion
48(5)
2.3 Conclusions
53(1)
Discussion points
54(1)
3 Four Parameters Of Grammaticalization
55(30)
3.1 Context extension
57(10)
3.1.1 The context extension model
58(3)
3.1.2 Discussion
61(4)
3.1.3 On the differential behavior of stages
65(2)
3.2 Desemanticization
67(5)
3.3 Decategorialization
72(6)
3.4 Erosion
78(5)
3.5 Conclusions
83(1)
Discussion points
84(1)
4 Directionality Of Semantic Change In Grammaticalization
85(33)
4.1 Bleaching, generalization, abstraction
85(7)
4.2 Discourse orientation
92(25)
4.2.1 Increase in speaker orientation
93(4)
4.2.2 Increase in hearer orientation
97(2)
4.2.3 Increase in textual orientation
99(2)
4.2.4 Discourse orientation in grammaticalization
101(8)
4.2.5 Counterexamples to (inter)subjectification and their status in discourse orientation
109(7)
4.2.6 Conclusion
116(1)
Discussion points
117(1)
5 Steps And Phases Of Grammaticalization
118(29)
5.1 Gradualness
118(6)
5.2 Stages
124(3)
5.3 Grammaticalization chains
127(4)
5.4 Grammaticalization in semantic maps
131(3)
5.5 Polysemy, transcategoriality, and heterosemy
134(5)
5.6 Cycles
139(7)
5.6.1 Renewal and innovation
139(4)
5.6.2 The morphological cycle
143(3)
Discussion points
146(1)
6 What Drives Grammaticalization? Mechanisms And Motivations
147(41)
6.1 Mechanisms: reanalysis and analogy
148(9)
6.1.1 Reanalysis
148(5)
6.1.2 Analogy/extension
153(3)
6.1.3 Summary
156(1)
6.2 The language system
157(5)
6.3 Communicative needs or goals of the speaker
162(4)
6.4 Inferences and contexts
166(4)
6.5 Cognition and conceptualization
170(4)
6.6 Frequency of use and language processing
174(5)
6.7 Discourse
179(6)
6.7.1 Grammaticalization from discourse structures
179(4)
6.7.2 Discourse as the arbiter
183(2)
6.8 Conclusion
185(2)
Discussion points
187(1)
7 Grammaticalization In Language Contact
188(36)
7.1 Grammaticalization vs. polysemy copying
189(5)
7.2 A case study: Basque
194(9)
7.3 Identifying contact-induced grammaticalization
203(12)
7.3.1 Evidence for contact-induced grammaticalization
204(6)
7.3.2 Diagnostics for determining the direction of transfer
210(5)
7.4 Pidgins and Creoles
215(5)
7.5 Conclusions
220(3)
Discussion points
223(1)
8 Grammaticalization And Language Typology
224(24)
8.1 Typological features guiding grammaticalization
224(8)
8.2 Grammaticalization as a possible explanation for typological features of languages
232(13)
8.2.1 Grammaticalization and word order
233(2)
8.2.2 Grammaticalization, the suffixing preference, and morpheme order
235(4)
8.2.3 Grammaticalization and expression types of grammatical categories
239(3)
8.2.4 Grammaticalization and the cycle of synthetic vs. analytic expression of categories
242(3)
8.3 Conclusion
245(1)
Discussion points
246(2)
9 Theory-Specific Approaches
248(23)
9.1 Generative grammar
249(5)
9.2 Functional Discourse Grammar
254(3)
9.3 Variationist Theory (sociolinguistics)
257(3)
9.4 Cognitive Grammar
260(3)
9.5 Construction Grammar
263(7)
Discussion points
270(1)
10 Beyond Grammaticalization
271(30)
10.1 Lexicalization
271(8)
10.2 Degrammaticalization (anti-grammaticalization)
279(8)
10.3 Exaptation/regrammaticalization
287(8)
10.4 Other-izations
295(2)
10.5 Conclusion
297(3)
Discussion points
300(1)
11 Discourse Markers
301(20)
11.1 What are discourse markers?
302(2)
11.2 Problematic features of discourse markers
304(6)
11.2.1 Do discourse markers belong to grammar?
305(1)
11.2.2 From syntactic constituent of the sentence to syntactically unattached status
306(1)
11.2.3 From prosodically integrated to non-integrated or less integrated status
307(1)
11.2.4 From meaning as part of a sentence to meaning outside the sentence
308(1)
11.2.5 From sentence function to metatextual function
309(1)
11.2.6 From positionally constrained to largely unconstrained placement
309(1)
11.2.7 Conclusions
310(1)
11.3 Hypotheses on the development of discourse markers
310(9)
11.3.1 The grammaticalization hypothesis
311(1)
11.3.2 The pragmaticalization hypothesis
312(2)
11.3.3 The lexicalization hypothesis
314(1)
11.3.4 The cooptation hypothesis
315(4)
11.4 Conclusions
319(1)
Discussion points
320(1)
12 Summary And Conclusion
321(8)
Glossary 329(18)
References 347(50)
Author Index 397(6)
Language Index 403(2)
Subject Index 405
Heiko Narrog is Professor at the Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University. He received a PhD in Japanese Studies from the Ruhr University Bochum in 1997, and a PhD in Language Studies from Tokyo University in 2002. His publications include Modality in Japanese and the Layered Structure of the Clause (Benjamins, 2009), and Modality, Subjectivity, and Semantic Change: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective (OUP, 2012) as well as numerous articles in linguistic typology, semantics and language change, and Japanese linguistics.



Bernd Heine is Emeritus Professor at the Institute of African Studies and Egyptology, University of Cologne. He has held visiting professorships at universities across the world, and in 2009 received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Evolutionary Linguistics Association. His many publications include African Languages: An Introduction (CUP, 2000), A Linguistic Geography of Africa (CUP, 2008), and the OUP volumes The Changing Languages of Europe (2006) and The Genesis of Grammar: A Reconstruction (2007), both with Tania Kuteva.



Heiko Narrog and Bernd Heine are co-editors of the OUP volumes The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis (2010; second edition 2015), The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization (2010; paperback 2021), and Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective (2018).
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