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E-raamat: Great Eagles: Their Evolution, Ecology and Conservation

Michael O'Neal Campbell (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada)

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 18-May-2022
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781315278087

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Birds (ornithology)

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 18-May-2022
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781315278087

Teised raamatud teemal:

Birds (ornithology)

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This book examines the current literature and knowledge on the evolution and ecology of all the birds named as eagles, with particular emphasis on the larger species. It also examines the past and current relations between eagles and people, including habitat change and conservation issues. Eagle ecologies and conservation are currently seriously impacted by human activities such as industrialization, urbanization, pollution, deforestation and hunting. Some eagle species have consequently experienced extreme population changes. There are, however, some positive developments. Eagles have a strong, historic bond with human civilization, due to their status as the worlds most charismatic birds. Conservation policies have also been successful in repopulating some ecosystems with breeding eagles. Therefore, despite the complexity of this relationship, there may yet be hope for this unique species group, frequently rated as the kings of birds, and symbolic of human power, ambition, royalty, nationality, and even concepts of God. It is hoped that this book will contribute to the further understanding of these unique and fantastic birds.

Preface

Credits and Acknowledgments

vii

Part I Eagle Classification, Genetics and Ecology

(342)

1 Systematic List of the "True Eagles" (Subfamily Aquilinae; Genus Aquila)

(56)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758)

(7)

1.3 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (Temminck, 1828)

(3)

1.4 Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis (Hodgson, 1833)

(8)

1.5 Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti (C.L. Brehm, 1861)

(5)

1.6 Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca (Savigny, 1809)

(2)

1.7 Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi or Hieraaetus wahlbergi (Sundevall, 1851)

(5)

1.8 Gurney's Eagle Aquila gurneyi (Gray, 1860)

(6)

1.9 Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax (Latham, 1801)

(1)

1.10 Verreaux's or Black Eagle Aquila verreauxi (Lesson, 1830)

(4)

1.11 Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata (Vieillot, 1822) or Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieillot, 1822)

(4)

1.12 African Hawk-eagle Aquila africana (Cassin, 1865)

(7)

1.13 Cassin's Hawk Eagle Aquila africana (Cassin, 1865)

(3)

2 Systematic List of the "Booted Eagles" (Subfamily Aquilinae; Genera Hieraaetus, Spizaetus, Nisaetus, Lophaetus, Clanga, Ictinaetus, Stephanoaetus, Polemaetus and Lophotriorchis)

(114)

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) ox Aquilapennata

(5)

2.3 Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides (Gould, 1841)

(4)

2.4 Pygmy Eagle Hieraaetus weiskei (Reichenow, 1900) or Aquila weiskei

(2)

2.5 Ayres's Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii (Gurney, 1862) or Aquila ayresii (Gurney 1862)

(5)

2.6 Rufous-bellied Eagle Lophotriorchis kienerii (G. de Sparre, 1835) or Chestnut-bellied Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus kienerii (Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, 1835)

(3)

2.7 Changeable Hawk Eagle or Crested Hawk Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin, 1788) (formerly Spizaetus cirrhatus)

(2)

2.8 Flores Hawk Eagle Nisaetus floris (Hartert, 1898)

(6)

2.9 Mountain Hawk Eagle Nisaetus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836), also called the Feather-toed Hawk Eagle, and formerly Spizaetus nipalensis

102

(4)

2.10 Legge's Hawk Eagle Nisaetus kelaarti (Legge, 1878)

106

(1)

2.11 Javan Hawk Eagle Nisaetus bartelsi (Stresemann, 1924) (formerly Spizaetus bartelsi)

107

(5)

2.12 Sulawesi Hawk Eagle Nisaetus lanceolatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)

112

(1)

2.13 Philippine Hawk Eagle or North Philippine Hawk Eagle or Northern Philippine Hawk Eagle Nisaetus philippensis (Gould, 1863)

113

(4)

2.14 South Philippine Hawk Eagle or Pinsker's Hawk Eagle Nisaetus pinskeri (Preleuthner and Gamauf, 1998)

117

(6)

2.15 Blyth's Hawk Eagle Nisaetus alboniger (Blyth, 1845) (formerly Spizaetus alboniger)

123

(1)

2.16 Wallace's Hawk Eagle Nisaetus nanus (Wallace, 1868) (formerly Spizaetus nanus)

124

(7)

2.17 Black Hawk Eagle or Tyrant Hawk Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied, 1820)

131

(4)

2.18 Black-and-White Hawk-Eagle Spizastur melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816) or Spizaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816)

135

(3)

2.19 Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800)

138

(6)

2.20 Black-and-chestnut Eagle or Isidor's Eagle (Spizaetus isidori, Des Murs, 1845, or Oroaetus isidori, Des Murs, 1845)

144

(4)

2.21 Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga (formerly Aquila clanga) (Pallas, 1811)

148

(6)

2.22 Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina (Brehm, 1831) formerly Aquilapomarina or Lophaetuspomarinus

154

(5)

2.23 Indian Spotted Eagle Clanga hastata (Lesson, 1834)

159

(2)

2.24 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus (Daudin, 1800)

161

(10)

2.25 Crowned Eagle or African Crowned Eagle or Crowned Hawk Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

171

(6)

2.26 Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occupitalis (Daudin, 1800)

177

(2)

2.27 Black eagle Ictinaetus malayensis or lctinaetus malaiensis (Blyth, 1843 or Temminck, 1822)

179

(8)

3 Systematic List of the Serpent Eagles Circaetinae: Genera Circaetus, Eutriorchis, Pithecophaga, Spilornis and Terathopius

187

(67)

3.1 Introduction

187

(1)

3.2 Short-toed Snake Eagle (or Short-toed Harrier Eagle, Black-breasted Harrier Eagle, or Beaudouin's Harrier Eagle) Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788)

188

(5)

3.3 Black-chested or Black-breasted Snake Eagle Circaetus pectoralis A. Smith, 1829

193

(6)

3.4 Beaudouin's Snake Eagle Circaetus beaudouini (Verreaux & Des Murs, 1862)

199

(1)

3.5 Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus (Vieillot, 1818)

199

(4)

3.6 Southern Banded Snake Eagle or East African Snake Eagle or Fasciated Snake Eagle Circaetus fasciolatus (Kaup, 1850)

203

(4)

3.7 Western Banded Snake Eagle or Smaller Banded Snake Eagle Circaetus cinerascens (von Muller, 1851)

207

(5)

3.8 Bateleur Eagle Terathopius ecaudatus (Daudin, 1800)

212

(8)

3.9 Philippine Serpent Eagle Spilornis holospilus (Vigors, 1831)

220

(4)

3.10 Sulawesi Serpent Eagle or Celebes Serpent Eagle Spilornis rufipectus (Gould, 1858)

224

(3)

3.11 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela (Latham, 1790)

227

(3)

3.12 Nicobar Serpent Eagle Spilornis klossi (Richmond, 1902)

230

(4)

3.13 Andaman Serpent Eagle Spilornis elgini (Blyth, 1863)

234

(3)

3.14 Congo Serpent Eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis or Circaetus spectabilis (Schlegel, 1863)

237

(4)

3.15 Madagascar Serpent Eagle Eutriorchis astur (Sharpe, 1875)

241

(7)

3.16 Philippine Eagle, Monkey-eating Eagle or Great Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi (Ogilvie-Grant, 2019)

248

(6)

4 Systematic List of the Sea Eagles Subfamily Haliaeetinae; Genus Haliaeetus

254

(63)

4.1 Introduction

254

(1)

4.2 Steller's Sea Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pallas, 1811)

255

(5)

4.3 White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

260

(14)

4.4 Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766)

274

(6)

4.5 Pallas's Sea Eagle or Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus (Pallas, 1771)

280

(8)

4.6 Madagascar Fish Eagle or Madagascan Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vociferoides (Des Murs, 1845)

288

(3)

4.7 African Fish Eagle or African Sea Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer (Daudin, 1800)

291

(5)

4.8 White-bellied Sea Eagle or White-Breasted Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788)

296

(6)

4.9 Sanford's Sea Eagle Haliaeetus sanfordi (Mayr, 1935)

302

(6)

4.10 Lesser Fish Eagle Haliaeetus humilis (Muller & Schlegel, 1841) or Icthyophaga humilis (Muller & Schlegel, 1841)

308

(4)

4.11 Grey-headed Fish Eagle Haliaeetus ichthyaetus (Horsfield, 1821) or Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus

312

(5)

5 Systematic List of the Harpy Eagles Subfamily Harpiinae; Genera Harpia, Morphnus, Harpyopsis and Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus)

317

(26)

5.1 Introduction

317

(1)

5.2 Guiana Crested Eagle or Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis (Daudin, 1800)

318

(6)

5.3 Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758)

324

(7)

5.4 New Guinea Eagle or Papuan Eagle or Papuan Harpy Eagle Harpyopsis novaeguineae (Salvadori, 1875)

331

(4)

5.5 Black Solitary Eagle or Solitary Eagle Buteogallus solitarius (Tschudi, 1844)

335

(1)

5.6 Chaco or Crowned Eagle or Crowned Solitary Eagle Buteogallus coronatus (Vieillot, 1817)

336

(7)

Part II Eagles and Their Ecological Relations

343

(42)

6 Eagles and Their Competitors

347

(17)

6.1 Introduction

347

(1)

6.2 Eagle Competition with Other Eagles

347

(2)

6.3 Competition between Eagles and Other Avian Species

349

(10)

6.4 Eagles, Canids, Felids and Other Medium-Sized Animals

359

(2)

6.5 Eagles and Domesticated Animals

361

(2)

6.6 Conclusions

363

(1)

7 Climate, Relief, Landcover and Eagles

364

(21)

7.1 Introduction

364

(1)

7.2 Climate, Weather and Relief

364

(1)

7.3 Eagles, Thermals and Orographic Lift

365

(13)

7.4 Eagles and Biomes

378

(5)

7.5 Conclusions

383

(2)

Part III Eagles and Conservation Issues

385

(97)

8 Eagles and Cultural Landscapes

389

(15)

8.1 Introduction

389

(1)

8.2 Eagles, Urbanization and Rural Environmental Change

390

(1)

8.3 Eagles and Aeroplane Collisions

391

(3)

8.4 Eagles and Wind Turbines

394

(4)

8.5 Eagles and Electric Power Lines

398

(5)

8.6 Conclusions

403

(1)

9 Eagles and Environmental Chemistry

404

(20)

9.1 Introduction

404

(2)

9.2 Chemical Elements

406

(11)

9.3 Chemical Compounds

417

(6)

9.4 Conclusions

423

(1)

10 Eagle Ecology and Geomatics-Based Research

424

(27)

10.1 Introduction

424

(1)

10.2 Definitions and Applications of Geomatics

425

(1)

10.3 Remote Sensing Techniques

426

(3)

10.4 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

429

(2)

10.5 Drones and Remote Sensing Applications

431

(3)

10.6 Remote Sensing Applications to Habitat Identification and Analysis

434

(4)

10.7 GPS Applications to Animal Behavior, Presence and Movements

438

(2)

10.8 GPS and Drone Applications to Eagle Studies

440

(6)

10.9 Definitions and Applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to Eagle Studies

446

(3)

10.10 Conclusions

449

(2)

11 Eagles as Individuals and Free Spatial Agents

451

(11)

11.1 Introduction

451

(1)

11.2 The Development of Zoogeography, `Disequilibrium Ecology' and Animal Geography

452

(1)

11.3 Migration and Movements

453

(1)

11.4 Prey Foraging in New Environments

454

(2)

11.5 Species Reintroductions

456

(1)

11.6 Kleptoparasitism and Interspecific Competition

457

(2)

11.7 Eagles at Landfills

459

(1)

11.8 Eagle Responses to Human Activities

460

(1)

11.9 Conclusions

461

(1)

12 Eagles in Social History and Conservation

462

(20)

12.1 Introduction

462

(1)

12.2 Eagles in Religion, Symbolism and Heraldry

463

(2)

12.3 Eagles in Falconry and Hunting

465

(10)

12.4 Current Public Attitudes to Eagles and Eagle Conservation Legislation

475

(1)

12.5 The Future of Eagles: Conclusions and Summary

476

(5)

12.6 Conclusions

481

(1)

References

482

(136)

Index

618

Michael O'Neal Campbell is a lecturer at Simon Fraser University, Canada. His research interests include human relations with large carnivores, and habitat changes under land use development.

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