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E-raamat: Greek Interjections: Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics

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Interjections in Ancient Greek have long lacked a comprehensive account, despite their frequent occurrence in major texts. The present study of their semantics and pragmatics, encompassing all items encountered in Greek drama from the 5th century BC, applies a moderate minimalism, theory-driven method. Readers are offered a thorough and detailed study of this elusive, and in several respects deviant, class of linguistic items.
Acknowledgments v
Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction
1(37)
1.1 Background
1(1)
1.2 Subject and aim
2(1)
1.3 Sources
3(1)
1.4 Theoretical background
4(4)
1.5 Definitions
8(8)
1.5.1 Primary interjections
8(4)
1.5.2 Secondary interjections
12(3)
1.5.3 Common properties of interjections
15(1)
1.6 Three categories
16(7)
1.6.1 Category 1
17(2)
1.6.2 Category 2
19(2)
1.6.3 Category 3
21(1)
1.6.4 Related items
22(1)
1.7 Previous research
23(13)
1.7.1 Antiquity and the Middle Ages
23(2)
1.7.2 Modern linguistics begins
25(3)
1.7.3 Studies in the early twentieth century
28(4)
1.7.4 Linguistics from the late 20th century to the present time
32(1)
1.7.5 Recent studies focusing on Ancient Greek
33(3)
1.8 Concluding remarks
36(2)
2 Syntax
38(36)
2.1 Formal characteristics
38(10)
2.1.1 The three categories
39(1)
2.1.2 Morphology?
39(5)
2.1.3 Interjections and word order
44(1)
2.1.4 Extra metrum
45(1)
2.1.5 Combinations of interjections
46(2)
2.2 Syntax---Category 1
48(3)
2.2.1 Free-standing interjections
48(3)
2.3 The phrase schema
51(17)
2.3.1 Head position: INT
52(1)
2.3.2 Position 1: PRO (dative)
53(3)
2.3.3 Position 2: NP (nominative or vocative)
56(2)
2.3.4 Position 3: NP (genitive)
58(7)
2.3.5 Positions 4--5: NPs (vocative and nominative)
65(2)
2.3.6 Invocations, formulae and bare exclamative genitives
67(1)
2.4 Syntax---Category 2
68(3)
2.4.1 εlα (εlα)---eia (heia)
69(2)
2.5 Syntax---Category 3
71(1)
2.6 Concluding remarks
72(2)
3 Semantics
74(114)
3.1 Introduction
74(2)
3.2 Core meaning
76(2)
3.3 Secondary interjections
78(1)
3.4 Prototypical characteristics
79(1)
3.4.1 Category 1---expressive interjections
79(1)
3.4.2 Category 2---conative interjections
80(1)
3.4.3 Category 3---phatic interjections
80(1)
3.5 Theoretical background
80(13)
3.5.1 Semantics of clause type---Primary illocutions
80(2)
3.5.2 Expressives
82(1)
3.5.3 Expressives and exclamatives
83(1)
3.5.4 The semantics of interjections---Ameka
84(2)
3.5.5 Are interjections words or sentences?
86(1)
3.5.6 The semantics of interjections---Kaplan
87(2)
3.5.7 Emotion theory
89(4)
3.6 Semantics---Category 1
93(71)
3.6.1 Explicit semantic analysis
93(2)
3.6.2 Interjections expressive of surprise
95(12)
3.6.3 Interjections expressive of pain and vexation
107(22)
3.6.4 Interjections expressive of lamentation
129(18)
3.6.5 Interjections expressive of joy
147(5)
3.6.6 Hapax legomena
152(4)
3.6.7 Rare and special cases
156(5)
3.6.8 Items occurring only in combinations
161(3)
3.7 Semantics---Category 2
164(10)
3.7.1 Explicit semantic analysis
165(1)
3.7.2 Interjections expressing calls for attention
166(3)
3.7.3 Interjections expressing exhortation or command
169(5)
3.8 Semantics---Category 3
174(11)
3.8.1 Explicit semantic analysis
175(1)
3.8.2 Interjections expressing agreement
175(5)
3.8.3 Interjections expressing compliance
180(5)
3.9 Concluding remarks
185(3)
3.9.1 Primary illocutions
185(1)
3.9.2 Core meanings
186(2)
4 Pragmatics
188(22)
4.1 Introduction
188(3)
4.1.1 What is pragmatics?
188(1)
4.1.2 Primary and secondary functions
189(1)
4.1.3 Hypotheses for primary functions
190(1)
4.1.4 Questions under study
190(1)
4.2 Theoretical background
191(7)
4.2.1 Definitions
191(2)
4.2.2 Fraser: pragmatic markers
193(4)
4.2.3 Trillo: Appropriateness
197(1)
4.3 Felicity conditions
198(2)
4.3.1 Condition 1
198(1)
4.3.2 Condition 2
199(1)
4.3.3 Condition 3 (tentative)
200(1)
4.4 Secondary functions
200(6)
4.4.1 Borrowing the core semantics from another category
201(2)
4.4.2 Functioning as a commentary marker
203(1)
4.4.3 Functioning as a parallel pragmatic marker
204(1)
4.4.4 Discourse markers---DMs
205(1)
4.4.5 Paratragedy
206(1)
4.5 Concluding remarks
206(4)
4.5.1 Primary and secondary use
207(1)
4.5.2 The three categories
208(2)
5 Lexicon
210(36)
5.1 Notes on meter
210(1)
5.2 Abbreviations and legenda
210(1)
5.3 α-ωμι
211(35)
6 Summary and conclusions
246(4)
6.1 Summary of introduction
246(1)
6.2 Syntax
247(1)
6.3 Semantics
247(2)
6.4 Pragmatics
249(1)
6.5 Lexicon
249(1)
References 250(13)
Index 263
Lars Nordgren, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.