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E-raamat: Green Communications: Principles, Concepts and Practice

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  • ISBN-13: 9781118759240
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118759240
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International contributors in information engineering, electrical engineering, and telecommunications report on the latest thinking in green communications, defined here as energy efficiency in telecommunication systems for economic and environmental reasons and also for reasons of equity and access in developing countries. Coverage encompasses equipment, management, architecture, communication protocols, applications, and deployment in both wireless and wireline communication systems. The book begins with a review of green communications concepts, energy metrics, and performance trade-offs, then turns to subjects such as energy efficient mobile network design, green radio, green home and enterprise networks, delay-tolerant cognitive cellular networks, energy efficiency in Ethernet, and future Internet architecture. The book is designed to be accessible to engineers who want to enter the field, with chapter summaries and info on standardization bodies. Annotation ©2016 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)
List of Contributors
xv
Preface xxi
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
1 Introduction
1(18)
Konstantinos Samdanis
Peter Rost
Michela Meo
Christos Verikoukis
Andreas Maeder
1.1 Origins of Green Communications
1(2)
1.2 Energy Efficiency in Telecommunication Systems: Then and Now
3(3)
1.3 Telecommunication System Model and Energy Efficiency
6(4)
1.4 Energy Saving Concepts
10(3)
1.5 Quantifying Energy Efficiency in ICT
13(2)
1.6 Conclusions
15(4)
References
16(3)
2 Green Communication Concepts, Energy Metrics and Throughput Efficiency for Wireless Systems
19(24)
Timothy O'Farrell
Simon Fletcher
2.1 Introduction
19(2)
2.2 Broadband Access Evolution
21(3)
2.3 Cell Site Power Consumption Modeling
24(2)
2.4 Power and Energy Metrics
26(3)
2.5 Energy and Throughput Efficiency in LTE Radio Access Networks
29(9)
2.5.1 Reducing Cell Size
31(2)
2.5.2 Reducing Cell Size and BTS Power Consumption
33(2)
2.5.3 BTS Sleep Mode
35(1)
2.5.4 Heterogeneous Networks
36(2)
2.6 Conclusions
38(5)
References
41(2)
3 Energy-Efficiency Metrics and Performance Trade-Offs of GREEN Wireless Networks
43(12)
Marco Di Renzo
3.1 Introduction
43(4)
3.1.1 Ubiquitous Mobility and Connectivity: The Societal Change
43(1)
3.1.2 Mobile Data Traffic: The Forecast
43(1)
3.1.3 Mobile Data Traffic: The In-Home Scenario
44(1)
3.1.4 Next-Generation Cellular Networks: The Compelling Need to be "Green"
44(1)
3.1.5 Addressing the Energy Efficiency Challenge: Green Heterogeneous Networks
45(1)
3.1.6 The Emerging Paradigm Shift: From the SE to the SE Versus EE Trade-Off
46(1)
3.2 Energy-Efficiency Metrics
47(3)
3.3 Performance Trade-Offs
50(3)
3.3.1 The SE Versus EE Trade-Off
50(1)
3.3.2 The DE Versus EE Trade-Off
51(1)
3.3.3 The BW Versus PW Trade-Off
51(1)
3.3.4 The DL Versus PW Trade-Off
52(1)
3.4 Conclusion
53(2)
Acknowledgments
53(1)
References
53(2)
4 Embodied Energy of Communication Devices
55(18)
Iztok Humar
Xiaohu Ge
Lin Xiang
Minho Jo
Min Chen
Jing Zhang
4.1 Introduction
55(2)
4.1.1 Energy Consumption of ICT in Figures
55(1)
4.1.2 The Approaches to Reduce ICT Energy Consumption
56(1)
4.1.3 The Problem of Past Researches
56(1)
4.2 The Extended Energy Model
57(4)
4.2.1 The Embodied Energy and Its Meaning in ICT Technology
57(2)
4.2.2 Embodied Energy Assessment of an ICT Equipment
59(1)
4.2.3 Maintenance
60(1)
4.2.4 Importance of Lifetime
60(1)
4.2.5 The Operating Energy
61(1)
4.2.6 The Total Energy Consumption Model
61(1)
4.3 Embodied/Operating Energy of a BS in Cellular Network -- A Case Study
61(5)
4.3.1 Overview of Past Studies in BSs Energy Modeling
62(1)
4.3.2 The Need to Rethink Previous Models
63(1)
4.3.3 The Embodied Energy of a BS
63(1)
4.3.4 The Operating Energy of a BS
64(2)
4.4 The Cell Number/Coverage Trade-Off
66(3)
4.4.1 The Energy Consumption Model Without Power-Off Strategy
66(1)
4.4.2 The Number/Coverage Trade-Off
66(1)
4.4.3 The Energy Consumption Model with the Power-Off Strategy
67(1)
4.4.4 Simulation Results
67(2)
4.5 Discussion and Future Challenges
69(4)
Acknowledgments
71(1)
References
71(2)
5 Energy-Efficient Base Stations
73(24)
Alberto Conte
5.1 Introduction
73(1)
5.2 BS Architecture
74(7)
5.2.1 Generic Cellular Network Architecture
74(1)
5.2.2 Base Station Functions
75(1)
5.2.3 Generic BS Internal Architecture
76(3)
5.2.4 Types of Base Station
79(2)
5.3 Base Station Energy Consumption
81(5)
5.3.1 Analysis of Energy Consumption at Component Level
82(1)
5.3.2 Impact of Load Variations
83(3)
5.3.3 Power Models
86(1)
5.4 Evolutions Towards Green Base Stations
86(11)
5.4.1 Component Level Evolutions
88(1)
5.4.1.1 New Power Amplifiers architectures
89(1)
5.4.1.2 Signal-Aware Power Amplifiers
90(1)
5.4.1.3 Improvements of BBU
90(1)
5.4.2 BS Operation Improvements
91(1)
5.4.2.1 Smart Load Adaptation to Traffic Load Variations
91(1)
5.4.2.2 Activation/Deactivation of RF Resources
91(1)
5.4.2.3 Base Station Sleep Modes
92(1)
5.4.3 BS Architecture Evolutions
92(1)
5.4.3.1 Massive-MIMO Architecture
93(1)
5.4.3.2 Cloud-RAN Architecture
94(1)
References
94(3)
6 Energy-Efficient Mobile Network Design and Planning
97(22)
Yinan Qi
Muhammad Ali Imran
Rahim Tafazolli
6.1 Introduction
97(1)
6.2 Deployment: Optimization of Cell Size
98(4)
6.2.1 System Model
98(1)
6.2.1.1 Traffic Model Within a Cell
98(1)
6.2.1.2 Spatial Traffic Variation Model
99(1)
6.2.1.3 Propagation Model and Coverage
100(1)
6.2.1.4 Quality of Service (QoS)
100(1)
6.2.2 Optimization of Cell Parameters
101(1)
6.3 Network Design and Planning for Urban Areas
102(10)
6.3.1 Adaptive On/Off Strategies to Change the Network Layout
103(1)
6.3.2 Adaptive (De)sectorization
103(7)
6.3.3 Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)
110(2)
6.4 Network Design and Planning for Rural Areas
112(2)
6.5 Conclusions and Future Works
114(5)
References
116(3)
7 Green Radio
119(16)
Taewon Hwang
Guowang Miao
Hyunsung Park
Younggap Kwon
Nageen Himayat
7.1 Energy-Efficient Design for Single-User Communications
119(4)
7.1.1 Energy-Efficient Transmission in Flat Fading Channels
120(2)
7.1.2 Energy-Efficient Transmission in Broadband Frequency-Selective Channels
122(1)
7.2 Energy-Efficient Design for Multiuser Communications
123(8)
7.2.1 Multiuser MIMO
123(2)
7.2.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
125(3)
7.2.3 Cognitive Radio
128(2)
7.2.3.1 Cooperative Relay
130(1)
7.3 Summary and Future Work
131(4)
References
132(3)
8 Energy-Efficient Operation and Management for Mobile Networks
135(44)
Zhisheng Niu
Sheng Zhou
8.1 Principles
135(4)
8.1.1 NM Should Be in a Holistic Manner
135(2)
8.1.2 NM Should Involve More Cognition and Collaboration
137(1)
8.1.3 NM Should Be More Adaptive to Traffic Variations
137(2)
8.2 Architectures
139(6)
8.2.1 Paradigm Shift to CHORUS
139(2)
8.2.1.1 Architecture of CHORUS
141(1)
8.2.1.2 Work Flow of CHORUS
141(2)
8.2.1.3 Relationship between Cognition and Collaboration
143(1)
8.2.2 Paradigm Shift to TANGO
144(1)
8.2.2.1 Adjusting the Working Mode of Base Stations
144(1)
8.2.2.2 Adjusting the Cell Size
144(1)
8.2.2.3 Adjusting the Service Mechanism
144(1)
8.3 Implementation Examples
145(29)
8.3.1 CHORUS by Scalable Collaboration
145(1)
8.3.1.1 A Decentralized BS Dynamic Clustering Scheme
145(3)
8.3.1.2 A Ubiquitous Heterogeneous Radio Access Scheme
148(1)
8.3.2 TANGO by Cell Zooming
149(1)
8.3.2.1 Concept and Challenges
150(3)
8.3.2.2 Centralized and Distributed Algorithms
153(3)
8.3.2.3 Performance Evaluation
156(2)
8.3.3 TANGO by Adaptive BS Sleeping
158(1)
8.3.3.1 System Model
159(2)
8.3.3.2 Problem Formulation
161(3)
8.3.3.3 Dynamic Programming Algorithm
164(3)
8.3.3.4 Simulation Study
167(7)
8.4 Derivation of Area Blocking Probability
174(5)
References
176(3)
9 Green Home and Enterprise Networks
179(20)
Lukasz Budzisz
Adam Wolisz
9.1 Home and Enterprise Networks Today
179(6)
9.1.1 Similarities
179(3)
9.1.2 Differences
182(1)
9.1.3 Perspectives
183(2)
9.2 Home and Enterprise Networks in the Context of Green Wireless Networking
185(3)
9.2.1 Metrics for Green Communication
185(1)
9.2.2 Green Potential
186(2)
9.3 Possible Savings in the Current Home and Enterprise Network Landscape
188(5)
9.3.1 Quick Survey of What Can be Done
188(2)
9.3.2 Challenges and Limitations
190(1)
9.3.3 Survey of On/Off Switching Mechanisms for Enterprise (Dense WLANs)
191(2)
9.4 Possible Savings in Future Home and Enterprise Network
193(1)
9.4.1 Interference Management Techniques
193(1)
9.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
194(5)
References
195(4)
10 Towards Delay-Tolerant Cognitive Cellular Networks
199(18)
Bi Zhao
Vasilis Friderikos
10.1 Introduction
199(3)
10.1.1 Device-to-Device Communications (D2D)
201(1)
10.1.2 5G Wireless Communications
201(1)
10.2 Scenarios and Applications
202(1)
10.3 Previous Research
202(1)
10.4 System Model and Energy Saving Schemes
203(5)
10.4.1 Storage Cost
204(1)
10.4.2 Optimal Stopping Problem
205(1)
10.4.3 Optimal Number of Users
205(2)
10.4.4 Wireless Interface Switch
207(1)
10.5 Numerical Investigations
208(6)
10.5.1 Trade-Offs between Delay and Cost
208(1)
10.5.2 Trade-Offs between Transmission and Storage Cost
209(3)
10.5.3 Maximum of SU
212(1)
10.5.4 Battery Lifetime
212(2)
10.6 Conclusions and Future Research
214(3)
References
214(3)
11 Green MTC, M2M, Internet of Things
217(20)
Andres Laya
Luis Alonso
Jesus Alonso-Zarate
Mischa Dohler
11.1 Introduction
217(3)
11.2 Green M2M Solutions for M2M
220(9)
11.2.1 Discontinuous Reception (DRX)
220(2)
11.2.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) and Uplink Power Control (UPC)
222(1)
11.2.3 Group-Based Strategies
223(1)
11.2.4 Low-Mobility-Based Optimizations
224(1)
11.2.5 Cooperative Communications
225(2)
11.2.6 Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications
227(2)
11.3 Green M2M Applications
229(4)
11.3.1 Automotive Applications
229(1)
11.3.2 Smart Metering (Automatic Meter Reading)
230(1)
11.3.3 Smart Grids
230(2)
11.3.4 Smart Cities
232(1)
11.4 Open Research Topics
233(1)
11.5 Conclusions
234(3)
Acknowledgements
234(1)
References
234(3)
12 Energy Saving Standardisation in Mobile and Wireless Communication Systems
237(20)
G. Punz
D. C. Mur
K. Samdanis
12.1 Introduction
237(1)
12.2 Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
238(1)
12.3 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
239(8)
12.3.1 Service and System Aspects Work Group 5 (SA5 -- Network Management)
240(3)
12.3.2 Radio Access Network Working Groups (RAN 1, RAN 2, RAN 3)
243(1)
12.3.3 Architecture Working Group 2 (SA2)
244(2)
12.3.4 User Equipment: Core Network Signalling Working Group (CT1)
246(1)
12.3.5 GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network Working Group (GERAN)
246(1)
12.4 GSM Association (GSMA)
247(1)
12.5 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
247(1)
12.6 Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions (ATIS)
248(1)
12.7 IEEE 802.11/Wi-Fi
249(4)
12.7.1 Mechanisms to Extend the Station's Battery Life
249(1)
12.7.1.1 Legacy Power Save Mode (PSM)
250(1)
12.7.1.2 Unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery (U-APSD)
250(1)
12.7.1.3 802.11v Extensions
251(1)
12.7.2 Reducing the Power Consumption of APs
251(1)
12.7.2.1 Wi-Fi Direct: Enabling Battery-Enabled Devices to Act as APs
252(1)
12.7.2.2 Energy Efficient Enterprise Wi-Fi Deployments
252(1)
12.7.3 MTC Energy Saving Enhancements
253(1)
12.8 Conclusions
253(4)
References
254(3)
13 Green Routing/Switching and Transport
257(20)
Luca Chiaraviglio
Antonio Cianfrani
Angelo Coiro
Marco Listanti
Marco Polverini
13.1 Energy-Saving Strategies for Backbone Networks
257(6)
13.1.1 Backbone Networks and Energy Consumption
258(1)
13.1.2 Energy-Saving Strategies: Switch Off versus Energy Proportional
259(3)
13.1.3 Energy-Saving Strategies: Deployment Issues
262(1)
13.2 Switch-Off ILP Formulations
263(3)
13.2.1 Flow-Based Routing Formulation
263(1)
13.2.2 Destination-Based Routing Formulation
264(1)
13.2.3 Comparison of Flow-Based and Destination-Based Formulations
265(1)
13.3 Switch-Off Algorithms
266(5)
13.3.1 Flow-Based Algorithms
266(1)
13.3.1.1 Least Flow Algorithm (LFA), Most Power Algorithm (MPA) and L-Game
266(1)
13.3.1.2 Energy Profile Aware Routing (EPAR)
266(1)
13.3.1.3 Green Distributed Algorithm (GRiDA)
267(1)
13.3.1.4 Distributed and Adaptive Interface Switch Off for Internet Energy (DAISIES)
267(1)
13.3.1.5 Green Traffic Engineering (GreenTE)
267(1)
13.3.1.6 Energy-Aware Traffic Engineering (EAT)
268(1)
13.3.1.7 Greening Backbone Networks with Bundled Links (GBNB)
268(1)
13.3.1.8 Green MPLS Traffic Engineering (GMTE)
268(1)
13.3.2 Destination-Based Algorithms
269(1)
13.3.2.1 Energy Saving IP Routing Strategy (ESIR)
269(1)
13.3.2.2 Energy Saving Based on Algebraic Connectivity (ESACON)
270(1)
13.3.2.3 Ant Colony-Based Self-Adaptive Energy Saving Routing for Energy-Efficient Internet
270(1)
13.4 Table Lookup Bypass
271(3)
13.4.1 General Model and Implementation Aspects of TLB
272(1)
13.4.2 Network-Wide Solution
273(1)
13.5 Conclusion
274(3)
References
274(3)
14 Energy Efficiency in Ethernet
277(14)
Pedro Reviriego
Ken Christensen
Michael Bennett
Bruce Nordman
Juan Antonio Maestro
14.1 Introduction to Ethernet
277(2)
14.2 Energy-Efficient Ethernet (IEEE 802.3az)
279(3)
14.3 Ethernet Energy Consumption Trends and Savings Estimates
282(5)
14.3.1 Number of Links
283(1)
14.3.2 Power per Link
284(1)
14.3.3 Usage Patterns
285(1)
14.3.4 Results
285(2)
14.4 Future Directions of Energy Efficiency in Ethernet
287(2)
14.5 Conclusions
289(2)
References
289(2)
15 Green Optical Networks: Power Savings versus Network Performance
291(18)
P. Monti
C. Cavdar
I. Cerutti
J. Chen
A. Mohammad
L. Velasco
P. Wiatr
L. Wosinska
15.1 Introduction
291(1)
15.2 Device-Specific Energy Characteristics
292(2)
15.3 Energy Saving for Optical Access Networks Based on WDM PONs
294(2)
15.4 Energy Saving for WDM Core Networks
296(9)
15.4.1 Energy Saving versus Blocking Probability in Transparent WDM Core Networks
297(2)
15.4.2 Energy Savings versus Quality of Transmission in WDM Core Network Design
299(3)
15.4.3 Energy Saving versus Resource Utilization in Green and Resilient Core Network Design
302(3)
15.5 Summary
305(4)
References
305(4)
16 Energy-Efficient Networking in Modern Data Centers
309(14)
Dominique Dudkowski
Peer Hasselmeyer
16.1 Introduction
309(2)
16.1.1 Energy-Proportional Computing
310(1)
16.1.2 Boost in Link Bandwidth
310(1)
16.1.3 Impact on Cooling Infrastructure
310(1)
16.1.4 Impact on Power Distribution Infrastructure
311(1)
16.2 Energy Efficiency in Data Center Networks
311(3)
16.2.1 Dynamic Link Rate Adaptation
311(1)
16.2.2 Link and Switch Sleep Modes
312(1)
16.2.3 Network Topology
312(1)
16.2.4 Combination of Approaches
313(1)
16.2.5 Network Performance
313(1)
16.3 A Joint Energy Management Solution
314(3)
16.3.1 Description of Approach
315(2)
16.4 Performance Evaluation
317(3)
16.5 Concluding Remarks
320(3)
References
320(3)
17 SDN-Enabled Energy-Efficient Network Management
323(16)
Michael Jarschel
Tobias Hoßfeld
Franco Davoli
Raffaele Bolla
Roberto Bruschi
Alessandro Carrega
17.1 Introduction
323(1)
17.2 Background: Concepts for Network Operation
324(1)
17.2.1 Software Defined Networking
324(1)
17.2.2 Network Functions Virtualization
325(1)
17.3 Energy Efficient Network Management Practices
325(6)
17.3.1 Power Management Primitives
326(2)
17.3.2 Network Primitives
328(3)
17.4 Energy-Efficient Network Management Enablers
331(4)
17.4.1 SDN/NFV-based Energy-Efficient Network Architecture
331(1)
17.4.2 Green Abstraction Layer
332(1)
17.4.3 GAL Main Design
332(2)
17.4.4 GAL Hierarchical Structure
334(1)
17.5 Conclusions
335(4)
References
336(3)
18 Energy-Efficient Protocol Design
339(22)
Giuseppe Anastasi
Simone Brienza
Giuseppe Lo Re
Marco Ortolani
18.1 Introduction
339(1)
18.2 General Approaches to Power Management of Edge Devices
340(1)
18.3 Remotely Controlled Activation and Deactivation
341(2)
18.4 Proxying
343(6)
18.4.1 Application-Specific Proxy
344(3)
18.4.2 Network Connectivity Proxy
347(2)
18.5 Context-Aware Power Management
349(3)
18.6 Power-aware Protocols and Applications
352(4)
18.6.1 Transport Protocols
352(3)
18.6.2 Application-Layer Protocols
355(1)
18.7 Conclusions
356(5)
References
357(4)
19 Information-Centric Networking: The Case for an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Architecture
361(16)
Mayutan Arumaithurai
Kadangode K. Ramakrishnan
Toru Hasegawa
19.1 Introduction
361(1)
19.2 Popular Content-Centric Enhancements
362(3)
19.2.1 Peer-to-Peer
362(1)
19.2.1.1 What is the Energy Saving Potential?
362(1)
19.2.1.2 Why They are not Completely Effective as a Content-Centric Alternative?
363(1)
19.2.2 Content Delivery Network (CDN)
363(1)
19.2.2.1 What is the Energy-Saving Potential?
363(1)
19.2.2.2 Why They are not Completely Effective as a Content-Centric Alternative?
364(1)
19.2.3 Domain Name Systems (DNS)
364(1)
19.2.3.1 What is the Energy-Saving Potential?
364(1)
19.2.3.2 Why They are not Completely Effective as a Content-Centric Alternative?
364(1)
19.3 ICN: Motivation
365(1)
19.4 ICN: Background and Related Work
365(3)
19.4.1 Named Data Networking (NDN)
365(2)
19.4.2 Content-Oriented Publish/Subscribe System (COPSS)
367(1)
19.4.3 Projects Supported by the European Union
367(1)
19.4.4 Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
368(1)
19.4.5 ICN-Related Research papers
368(1)
19.5 ICN: Energy Efficiency
368(6)
19.5.1 Content-Centric Routing
368(1)
19.5.2 Reduction in the Number of Hops
369(2)
19.5.3 Caching
371(1)
19.5.4 Seamless Support of Network Operations for Energy Efficiency
372(2)
19.5.5 Coexistence with IP and Other Technologies
374(1)
19.6 Summary
374(3)
References
375(2)
20 Energy Efficiency Standards for Wireline Communications
377(18)
Kanstantinos Samdanis
Manuel Paul
Thomas Kessler
Rolf Winter
20.1 Introduction
377(2)
20.2 Energy-Efficient Network Equipment
379(2)
20.2.1 Power Modes/Power Saving States
379(1)
20.2.2 EC Code-of-Conduct (CoC)
380(1)
20.3 Network-Based Energy Conservation
381(4)
20.3.1 Energy-Aware Control Planes
382(2)
20.3.2 Power-Aware Routing and Traffic Engineering
384(1)
20.4 Energy-Aware Network Planning
385(1)
20.5 Energy Saving Management
386(5)
20.5.1 ITU-T Energy Control Framework
387(1)
20.5.2 IETF Energy Management (EMAN)
388(2)
20.5.3 IEEE Power over Ethernet (PoE)
390(1)
20.6 Energy-Efficiency Metrics, Measurements, and Testing
391(1)
20.7 Conclusions
392(3)
References
393(2)
21 Conclusions
395(10)
Yinan Qi
Muhammad Ali Imran
Rahim Tafazolli
21.1 Summary
395(3)
21.1.1 Green Communications in Wireless Networks
395(2)
21.1.2 Green Communication in Wired Networks
397(1)
21.2 Green Communication Effects on Current Networks
398(1)
21.3 Future Developments
399(6)
21.3.1 Future Network Requirements
399(1)
21.3.2 Towards Holistic Energy Efficient Networking
400(2)
References
402(3)
Index 405
Editors

Konstantinos Samdanis, NEC Europe, Germany

Peter Rost, NEC Europe, Germany

Andreas Maeder, NEC Europe, Germany

Michela Meo, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Christos Verikoukis, Telecommunications Technological Centre of Catalonia, Spain
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