Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
Dedication |
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xv | |
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Part I INTRODUCTION TO GREEN NETWORKS |
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1 Green Network Fundamentals |
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3 | (26) |
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1.1 Introduction: Need for Green Networks |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Traffic Spatial Fluctuation Modelling |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Traffic Temporal Fluctuation Modelling |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3 Energy Efficiency and Consumption Models in Wireless Networks |
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9 | (14) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Power Consumption Models |
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10 | (9) |
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1.3.3 Energy Efficiency and Consumption Models |
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19 | (4) |
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1.4 Performance Trade-Offs |
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23 | (5) |
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1.4.1 Network-side Trade-Offs |
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24 | (2) |
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1.4.2 Mobile User Trade-Offs |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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2 Green Network Solutions |
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29 | (26) |
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2.1 Green Solutions and Analytical Models at Low and/or Bursty Call Traffic Loads |
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29 | (9) |
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29 | (5) |
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2.1.2 MT Radio Interface Sleep Scheduling |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.2 Green Solutions and Analytical Models at High and/or Continuous Call Traffic Loads |
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38 | (10) |
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2.2.7 Scheduling for Single-Network Access |
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38 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Scheduling for Multi-Homing Access |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Scheduling with Small-Cells |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Relaying and Device-to-Device Communications |
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42 | (3) |
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2.2.5 Scheduling with Multiple Energy Sources |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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2.3 Green Projects and Standards |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (3) |
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Part II MULTI-HOMING RESOURCE ALLOCATION |
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3 Green Multi-homing Approach |
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55 | (15) |
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3.1 Heterogeneous Wireless Medium |
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55 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Radio Resources and Propagation Attenuation |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 Green Multi-homing Resource Allocation |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Single-User versus Multiuser System |
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60 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Single-Operator versus Multioperator System |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Centralized versus Decentralized implementation |
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61 | (1) |
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3.3.5 In-device Coexistence Interference |
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62 | (4) |
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3.3.6 Computational Complexity |
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66 | (1) |
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3.3.7 Number of MT Radio Interfaces versus Number of Available Networks |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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4 Multi-homing for a Green Downlink |
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70 | (24) |
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70 | (2) |
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4.2 Win-Win Cooperative Green Resource Allocation |
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72 | (14) |
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4.2.1 Non-cooperative Single-Network Solution |
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73 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Win-Win Cooperative Solution |
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75 | (6) |
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4.2.3 Benchmark: Sum Minimization Solution |
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81 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Performance Evaluation |
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81 | (5) |
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4.3 IDC Interference-Aware Green Resource Allocation |
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86 | (7) |
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4.3.1 IDC Interference-Aware Resource Allocation Design |
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87 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Performance Evaluation |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (1) |
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5 Multi-homing for a Green Uplink |
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94 | (25) |
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94 | (1) |
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5.2 Green Multi-homing Uplink Resource Allocation for Data Calls |
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95 | (12) |
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5.2.1 Optimal Green Uplink Radio Resource Allocation with QoS Guarantee |
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97 | (5) |
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5.2.2 Suboptimal Uplink Energy-Efficient Radio Resource Allocation |
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102 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Performance Evaluation |
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104 | (3) |
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5.3 Green Multi-homing Uplink Resource Allocation for Video Calls |
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107 | (10) |
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5.3.1 Energy Management Sub-system Design |
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109 | (5) |
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5.3.2 Performance Evaluation |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (2) |
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6 Radio Frequency and Visible Light Communication Internetworking |
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119 | (22) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (8) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Interference Issues in VLC |
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124 | (2) |
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6.2.4 VLC--RF Internetworking |
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126 | (2) |
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6.3 Green RF--VLC Internetworking |
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128 | (10) |
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6.3.1 Energy Efficiency Maximization |
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129 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Performance Evaluation |
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133 | (4) |
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6.3.3 Green VLC--RF Internetworking Challenging Issues |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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Part III NETWORK MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS |
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7 Dynamic Planning in Green Networks |
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141 | (25) |
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141 | (1) |
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7.2 Dynamic Planning with Dense Small-Cell Deployment |
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142 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Energy-Efficient and QoS-Aware Cell Zooming |
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144 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Performance Evaluation |
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145 | (3) |
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7.3 Dynamic Planning with Cooperative Networking |
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148 | (6) |
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7.3.1 Optimal Resource On-Off Switching Framework |
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150 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Performance Evaluation |
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152 | (2) |
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7.4 Balanced Dynamic Planning Approach |
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154 | (10) |
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7.4.1 Two-Timescale Approach |
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157 | (5) |
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7.4.2 Performance Evaluation |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (2) |
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8 Greening the Cell Edges |
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166 | (25) |
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166 | (3) |
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8.1.1 Why Cell-on-Edge Deployment? |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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8.2 Two-Tier Small-Cell-on-Edge Deployment |
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169 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Bandwidth Partition and Channel Allocation |
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170 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Mobile User Distribution |
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171 | (1) |
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8.3 Energy-Aware Transmission Design |
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171 | (2) |
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8.3.1 Path-Loss Model for Strong LOS Conditions |
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171 | |
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8.3.2 Composite Fading Channel for Strong LOS Conditions |
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111 | (62) |
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8.4 Area Spectral Efficiency of HetNets |
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173 | (3) |
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8.5 Analytical Bounds on ASE of HetNets |
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176 | (5) |
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8.5.1 Mean Achievable Capacity Based on MGF Approach |
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176 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Assumptions to Derive Upper and Lower Bounds |
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177 | (2) |
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8.5.3 Analytical Bounds on the Capacity of Macro-cell Network |
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179 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Analytical Bounds on the Capacity of Small-Cell Networks |
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180 | (1) |
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8.6 Analytical Bounds on ASE over Generalized-K Fading Channel |
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181 | (2) |
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8.7 Energy Analysis of HetNets |
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183 | (2) |
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8.7.1 Energy Consumption of Two-Tier HetNets |
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184 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Energy Savings of Two-Tier HetNets |
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184 | (1) |
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8.8 Ecology and Economics of HetNets |
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185 | (3) |
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8.8.1 CO2e Emissions and Reduction in CO2e Emissions |
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186 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Daily CO2e Emissions Profile |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (3) |
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Appendix A Simulation Parameters |
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189 | (1) |
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Appendix B Proof of (8.38) |
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189 | (2) |
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9 D2D Communications in Hierarchical HetNets |
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191 | (20) |
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191 | (1) |
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9.2 Modelling Hierarchical Heterogeneous Networks |
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192 | (5) |
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9.2.1 Network Architecture |
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193 | (1) |
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9.2.2 D2D User Density in Hierarchical HetNets |
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194 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Spectrum Partitioning in Hierarchical HetNets |
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196 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Power Control over D2D Links |
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196 | (1) |
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9.3 Spectral Efficiency Analysis |
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197 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Hierarchical HetNet |
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198 | (2) |
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9.4 Average User Transmission Power Analysis |
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200 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Discussion on Transmission Power Analysis of D2D Users |
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202 | (2) |
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9.5 Backhaul Energy Analysis |
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204 | (4) |
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9.5.1 Backhaul Power Consumption |
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204 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Backhaul Energy Efficiency |
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205 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Considerations on Backhaul Energy Efficiency of Hierarchical HetNet |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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Appendix B Simulation Parameters |
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210 | (1) |
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10 Emerging Device-Centric Communications |
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211 | (19) |
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211 | (1) |
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10.2 Emerging Device-Centric Paradigms |
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212 | (2) |
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10.2.1 Device-to-Device Communication Management |
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213 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Device-to-Device Communication Architecture |
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213 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Device-to-Device Communication Challenges |
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214 | (1) |
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10.3 Devices-to-Device Communications |
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214 | (2) |
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214 | (2) |
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10.4 Optimal Selection of Source Devices and Radio Interfaces |
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216 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Device Selection Criteria |
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217 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Ascending Proxy Auction for Device Selection |
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218 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Discussions on Device and Radio Interface Selection |
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219 | (2) |
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10.5 Optimal Packet Split among Devices |
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221 | (3) |
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10.6 Green Analysis of Mobile Devices |
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224 | (4) |
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10.6.1 Energy Consumption of Mobile Devices |
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225 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Electricity Cost for Mobile Charging |
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226 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Battery Life of Mobile Devices |
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227 | (1) |
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10.7 Some Challenges and Future Directions |
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228 | (1) |
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10.7.1 Centralized Ds2D Set-up |
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228 | (1) |
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10.7.2 Decentralized Ds2D Set- up |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
References |
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230 | (15) |
Index |
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245 | |