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E-raamat: Greenhouse Design and Control

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Sep-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781317675730
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Sep-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781317675730
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Researchers describe the current technology and techniques regarding greenhouse controllers and structures for horticulturalists, agricultural engineers, greenhouse engineers, and designers. They also present a basic greenhouse prototype based on LabVIEW for tomatoes in order to give a clear description of greenhouse design and control. Their topics are the state of the art in greenhouses and control, greenhouse fundamentals, materials and structures, automation and control, basic greenhouse control design and implementation, and automatic greenhouse operation. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

Agricultural production is one of the main keys to the development of healthy societies. It is anticipated that agricultural systems will increasingly have to contend with temperature, humidity and water stress in the near future. This makes the need to increase the efficiency of land and water use ever more urgent. The control and design of greenhouses allows to increase dramatically the quality of crops and extend the cultivation period year-round. A properly designed autonomous greenhouse based on hydroponics can greatly reduce the amounts of nutrients and energy expended in agricultural production.

This book deals with different types of greenhouses, materials, structures, advanced control techniques and tendencies that are needed for designing and controlling an advanced greenhouse. The control system is presented as an integral system which covers the explanation of basic and advanced concepts for a real time controller. Also, structural analysis is introduced, whereby mechanical design is regarded as a key factor. The book incorporates simulations and experimental results, and utilizes LabVIEW and ADAMS software. Finally, it provides a perspective on the present state and future of greenhouses globally.

Written in a highly accessible manner, this book will prove useful to horticulturalists, agricultural engineers, greenhouse engineers and designers. Its easy-to-absorb contents are also suitable for (under)graduate students and researchers in agricultural and electronic engineering, horticulture, crop cultivation and soft computing.

List of figures
xi
List of tables
xix
Preface xxiii
How to read this book xxv
1 Introduction
1(28)
1.1 Greenhouse motivation
11(18)
1.1.1 The state of North American protected agriculture
20(9)
2 State of the art: greenhouse and controls
29(12)
3 Greenhouse fundamentals
41(26)
3.1 Greenhouse generalities and construction
43(24)
3.1.1 Site selection
44(1)
3.1.2 Orientation
45(1)
3.1.3 Plan layout
46(2)
3.1.4 Availability of water
48(1)
3.1.5 Availability of electricity
48(3)
3.1.6 Structure design
51(8)
3.1.7 Standards for the construction
59(5)
3.1.8 Greenhouse costs
64(3)
4 Greenhouse materials and structures
67(60)
4.1 Structural materials
71(3)
4.1.1 Structural conformation
73(1)
4.2 Cladding materials
74(5)
4.3 Foundations and floor materials
79(3)
4.3.1 Connections and clamps
80(1)
4.3.2 Leaks
81(1)
4.3.3 Windbreak
81(1)
4.3.4 Insect screens
81(1)
4.4 Eco-materials
82(1)
4.5 Material selection for a greenhouse
83(2)
4.6 Material properties of a tunnel type greenhouse
85(30)
4.6.1 Tunnel fixed Zenith ventilation greenhouses
85(3)
4.6.2 Simulation in the Inventor® program
88(5)
4.6.3 Characteristics of the loads that are applied to the structure
93(14)
4.6.4 CFD simulator by Inventor®
107(8)
4.7 Greenhouse construction standards
115(4)
4.7.1 Materials used in the structures
115(1)
4.7.2 Norms of materials
116(1)
4.7.3 Activities for greenhouse construction
117(2)
4.8 Structures and environmental control
119(8)
5 Greenhouse automation and control
127(130)
5.1 Real time control system and greenhouses
129(11)
5.2 Advanced control systems for portable greenhouses
140(7)
5.2.1 Basic portable greenhouse description
144(1)
5.2.2 Advanced control systems
145(2)
5.3 Control implementation
147(24)
5.3.1 Portable greenhouse results
150(21)
5.4 Constituents of controlled environment for conventional greenhouses
171(11)
5.5 Sensors for greenhouse monitoring
182(17)
5.6 Automation systems
199(21)
5.7 Advanced protected systems -- hydroponics
220(6)
5.7.1 Nutrient film technique
224(2)
5.8 Greenhouse modeling and control
226(4)
5.8.1 Greenhouse models
226(4)
5.9 Types of controls
230(27)
5.9.1 Control techniques theory
236(1)
5.9.2 Bang-bang or on/off control
236(1)
5.9.3 PID control
237(1)
5.9.4 Feedback/feed-forward linearization
238(3)
5.9.5 Sliding modes
241(3)
5.9.5.1 Fuzzy logic control
244(3)
5.9.6 Adaptive neural fuzzy inference system -- ANFIS
247(3)
5.9.7 Green tech control and supervisor
250(7)
6 Basic greenhouse control design and implementation
257(74)
6.1 Mechanical systems
259(23)
6.1.1 Structure and materials selection
259(3)
6.1.2 Ventilation systems
262(2)
6.1.3 Shading system
264(2)
6.1.4 Water fogging system
266(2)
6.1.5 Irrigation system
268(2)
6.1.6 Sensors
270(12)
6.2 Electrical and electronic system
282(2)
6.3 Control system for greenhouses
284(22)
6.3.1 Intelligent control system development
291(5)
6.3.2 LabVIEW™ controllers programming
296(3)
6.3.3 Intelligent controllers simulation
299(4)
6.3.4 Graphical user interface (GUI) and functions
303(3)
6.4 Control results
306(25)
6.4.1 Intelligent controllers simulation results
308(7)
6.4.2 PID-type controller simulation results
315(4)
6.4.3 On/off controllers experimental results
319(5)
6.4.4 Intelligent controllers experimental results
324(4)
6.4.5 Analysis of control systems
328(3)
7 Automatic greenhouse operation
331(12)
7.1 Field versus greenhouse grown fruit
332(1)
7.2 Plant forms
333(1)
7.3 Photosynthetic characteristics
333(1)
7.4 Temperature requirements
334(1)
7.5 Carbon dioxide
335
7.6 Light quality and intensity
334(1)
7.7 Water requirement
335(1)
7.8 Factors affecting greenhouse production
336(1)
7.9 Greenhouse structures
337(1)
7.10 Pest management
338(1)
7.11 Culture systems
338(1)
7.12 Plant nutrition
339(2)
7.13 General greenhouse reference conditions
341(2)
References 343(8)
Subject index 351
Pedro Ponce, Arturo Molina, Paul Cepeda, Esther Lugo, Brian MacCleery