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E-raamat: Ground Penetrating Radar: Improving sensing and imaging through numerical modeling

(University of Akron, Ohio, USA), (University of Granada, Department of Electromagnetism and Physics of Matter, Spain), (Federal University of Santa Catarina, Joinvile Technological Center, Brazil)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Control, Robotics and Sensors
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781785614941
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Ground Penetrating Radar: Improving sensing and imaging through numerical modelingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Control, Robotics and Sensors
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781785614941
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a powerful sensing technology widely used for the non-destructive assessment of a variety of structures with different properties including dimensions, electrical properties, and moisture.



After an introduction to the underlying concepts, this book guides the reader through the development and use of a GPR system, with an emphasis on the parameters that can be optimized, the theory behind assessment, and a coherent methodology to obtain results from a measured or simulated GPR signal. The authors then embark on a detailed discussion of support tools and numerical modelling techniques that can be applied to improve readings from GPR systems.



Ground Penetrating Radar is of interest to engineers, scientists, researchers and professionals working in the fields of ground penetrating radar, non-destructive testing, geoscience and remote sensing, antennas and propagation, microwaves, electromagnetics and imaging. It will also be of use to professionals and academics in the fields of electrical, mechanical, sensing, and civil engineering as well as material science and archaeology concerned with quality control and fault analysis.
About the authors ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments v
1 Introduction to ground penetrating radar 1(32)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Overview of a GPR system
3(3)
1.3 Fundamental theory of GPR
6(13)
1.3.1 Electromagnetic wave propagation
6(3)
1.3.2 Material properties
9(1)
1.3.3 Antennas
10(4)
1.3.4 System specification
14(5)
1.4 Post-processing support tools
19(9)
1.4.1 Signal and image processing techniques
21(4)
1.4.2 Pattern recognition
25(3)
1.5 Summary
28(1)
References
29(4)
2 Electromagnetic wave propagation 33(38)
2.1 Introduction
33(2)
2.2 The electromagnetic wave equation and its solution
35(9)
2.2.1 The time-dependent wave equation
35(2)
2.2.2 The time-harmonic wave equations
37(1)
2.2.3 The wave equation in lossy dielectrics
38(1)
2.2.4 Solution of the wave equation
38(6)
2.3 The electromagnetic spectrum
44(1)
2.4 Propagation of plane waves in materials
45(13)
2.4.1 Propagation of plane waves in lossy dielectrics
46(4)
2.4.2 The speed of propagation of waves and dispersion
50(1)
2.4.3 Group velocity
50(2)
2.4.4 Dispersion
52(1)
2.4.5 Material properties
53(4)
2.4.6 Homogeneity, linearity, and anisotropy of materials
57(1)
2.5 Reflection, transmission, refraction, scattering, and diffraction of electromagnetic waves
58(9)
2.5.1 Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves at a general interface
58(5)
2.5.2 Refraction, diffraction, and scattering of electromagnetic waves
63(4)
2.6 Summary
67(1)
References
67(4)
3 Antennas: properties, designs, and optimization 71(64)
3.1 Introduction
71(1)
3.2 Antenna radiation parameters
72(16)
3.2.1 Radiated power
76(1)
3.2.2 Antenna radiation patterns
77(3)
3.2.3 Radiation intensity
80(1)
3.2.4 Antenna directivity
81(1)
3.2.5 Antenna gain
81(1)
3.2.6 Polarization
82(1)
3.2.7 Radiation resistance
82(1)
3.2.8 Input impedance
83(1)
3.2.9 Bandwidth
84(1)
3.2.10 Pulse fidelity
85(1)
3.2.11 Group delay
85(1)
3.2.12 Receiving antenna parameters
86(1)
3.2.13 Effective aperture
87(1)
3.2.14 Antenna footprint
88(1)
3.3 Antenna interaction with the medium under test
88(4)
3.4 Antenna types for ground penetrating radar
92(13)
3.4.1 Dipole antennas
96(2)
3.4.2 Bowtie antennas
98(2)
3.4.3 Vivaldi antennas
100(1)
3.4.4 Spiral antennas
100(1)
3.4.5 Horn antennas
101(1)
3.4.6 Antenna arrays
102(3)
3.5 Antenna design for GPR systems
105(6)
3.5.1 GPR system parameters
106(3)
3.5.2 GPR antenna optimization framework
109(2)
3.6 The optimization process
111(16)
3.6.1 The multi-objective genetic algorithm
111(2)
3.6.2 Examples of optimization
113(8)
3.6.3 Optimization for specific applications
121(6)
References
127(8)
4 The ground penetrating radar system 135(46)
4.1 Introduction
135(2)
4.2 Classification of ground penetrating radars
137(3)
4.3 Requirements from ground penetrating radar
140(3)
4.4 System specification
143(1)
4.5 System requirements
144(7)
4.5.1 Signal generator
145(3)
4.5.2 Bandwidth
148(1)
4.5.3 Amplifier
149(1)
4.5.4 Power
150(1)
4.5.5 Antennas
150(1)
4.5.6 Low-noise amplifier
151(1)
4.6 Data acquisition modes
151(2)
4.6.1 Common offset mode
151(1)
4.6.2 Common source and common receiver modes
152(1)
4.6.3 Common midpoint mode
152(1)
4.7 Signal processing
153(25)
4.7.1 System abstraction
157(1)
4.7.2 Digital signal conversion
158(2)
4.7.3 Data processing
160(1)
4.7.4 Preprocessing
161(4)
4.7.5 Basic signal processing
165(12)
4.7.6 Advanced signal processing
177(1)
4.8 Summary
178(1)
References
178(3)
5 Numerical modeling 181(94)
5.1 Introduction
181(3)
5.2 Overview on EM modeling for GPR applications
184(7)
5.3 Fundamentals of numerical methods commonly used for GPR modeling
191(12)
5.3.1 The general idea of numerical solutions
194(1)
5.3.2 A brief review of PDE-based numerical methods
195(6)
5.3.3 A brief review of integral-formula-based numerical methods
201(1)
5.3.4 The boundary element method
202(1)
5.4 Advantages and drawbacks of common modeling methods in GPR work
203(7)
5.5 FDTD modeling of the GPR environment
210(5)
5.5.1 FDTD for dispersive media
211(4)
5.6 2D modeling of GPR applications using the FDTD method
215(4)
5.6.1 Single steel rebar in concrete with frequency-independent properties
216(1)
5.6.2 Multiple rebars and voids in concrete
217(2)
5.7 3D modeling
219(9)
5.7.1 Radar waveform synthesis
220(3)
5.7.2 Input impedance calculation of bow-tie antennas
223(2)
5.7.3 Bow-tie analysis using the method of moments
225(3)
5.8 Modeling of practical geometries
228(3)
5.8.1 Target shape scattering characteristics
228(3)
5.9 Modeling of rough surface in a granular medium
231(1)
5.10 Geophysical probing with electromagnetic waves-use of the transmission line method
231(3)
5.11 Modeling dispersion from heterogeneous dielectrics-use of the FDTD method
234(5)
5.11.1 Model definition
236(3)
5.12 Heterogeneity in a half-space
239(12)
5.12.1 Distribution of changes in permittivity in one, two, and three directions
240(11)
5.13 Boundaries and boundary conditions
251(5)
5.14 PML optimization
256(10)
5.14.1 Reflection from the PML boundary
257(3)
5.14.2 The optimization process
260(1)
5.14.3 Optimization results
261(5)
5.15 Summary
266(1)
References
267(8)
6 Pattern recognition 275(48)
6.1 Introduction
275(1)
6.2 Inverse problems
276(10)
6.2.1 Reverse-time migration algorithm
279(2)
6.2.2 Pattern recognition algorithms (PRAs)
281(5)
6.3 Pattern recognition methods applied to GPR
286(29)
6.3.1 Buried cylinders in nonhomogeneous dielectric media: model fitting and hybrid migration-model fitting approaches
287(5)
6.3.2 Buried cylinder in nonhomogeneous dielectric medium: the artificial neural network approach
292(9)
6.3.3 Buried cylinders in concrete: feature selection
301(14)
6.4 Summary
315(1)
References
316(7)
Index 323
X. Lucas Travassos is an assistant professor in the Joinville Technological Center at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. His research interests cover the design and optimization of electromagnetic devices, electromagnetic compatibility and antennas and propagation.



Mario Fernández Pantoja is a full professor in the Department of Electromagnetism and Physics of Matter at the University of Granada, Spain. His research interests include the areas of time-domain analysis of electromagnetic radiation and scattering problems, radar technology, optimization methods applied to electromagnetics, Terahertz technology and nanoelectromagnetics.



Nathan Ida is a distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering at The University of Akron, Ohio, USA. His research interests are in the areas of numerical modeling of electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic wave propagation, nondestructive testing of materials at low and microwave frequencies and in sensors and actuation with an emphasis on interfacing and integration.
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