Preface |
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xi | |
About the Author |
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xv | |
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1 Conducting Groundwater Quality Investigations |
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1 | (36) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Evolution of Site Assessments |
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2 | (12) |
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1.3 Technology Limitations and Cleanup Goals |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (4) |
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1.4.1 Source and Release Information |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Geologic and Hydrogeologic Characterization |
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16 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Contaminant Distribution, Transport and Fate |
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17 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Geochemistry Impacting Natural Biodegradation |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5 Risk Assessment Concepts |
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18 | (2) |
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1.6 Institutional Controls |
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20 | (1) |
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1.7 Risk-Based Cleanup Goals and Screening Level Evaluations |
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20 | (5) |
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1.8 Assessing Plume Migration Potential |
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25 | (12) |
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37 | (32) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.2 Chemicals and Origins |
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38 | (11) |
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2.2.1 Creosote and Coal Tars |
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38 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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41 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Chlorinated Solvents |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (10) |
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2.3.1 General Behavior and Concepts |
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49 | (7) |
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2.3.2 Important Parameters for Site Characterization |
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56 | (3) |
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2.4 Overview of Remediation Strategies |
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59 | (10) |
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59 | (4) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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2.4.2.2 Permeable Reactive Barriers |
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63 | (1) |
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2.4.2.3 Physical Barriers |
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64 | (1) |
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2.4.2.4 Enhanced Biodegradation |
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64 | (1) |
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2.4.2.5 Thermal Technologies |
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64 | (1) |
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2.4.2.6 Chemical Flushing |
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65 | (1) |
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2.4.2.7 Excavation and Removal |
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65 | (1) |
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2.4.2.8 Soil Vacuum Extraction |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (26) |
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69 | (5) |
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69 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Advective Transport |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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3.1.5 Dilution and Recharge |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (5) |
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3.2.1 General Description |
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74 | (1) |
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3.2.2 The BTEX Compounds and MTBE |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (16) |
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79 | (6) |
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3.3.2 Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids |
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85 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Contaminant Desorption and Precipitate Dissolution |
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86 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Remedial Technologies |
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87 | (2) |
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3.3.5 EPA Cost Data for Pump-and-Treat |
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89 | (6) |
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95 | (22) |
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95 | (3) |
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4.2 Properties, Fate and Transport |
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98 | (5) |
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4.3 Health Effects and Regulations |
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103 | (1) |
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4.4 Remediation Technologies |
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104 | (13) |
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4.4.1 Advanced Oxidation (Ex Situ) |
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109 | (4) |
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4.4.2 Adsorption (GAC) (Ex Situ) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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5 Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCS) |
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117 | (46) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2 Origins of the Contaminants |
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118 | (3) |
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5.3 PFAs Properties and Structures |
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121 | (9) |
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5.3.1 General Description |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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5.4 Environmental Fate and Transport |
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130 | (14) |
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5.5 Groundwater Contamination |
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144 | (5) |
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149 | (8) |
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5.7 Estimating Carbon Treatement Costs |
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157 | (6) |
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163 | (70) |
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6.1 Physico-Chemical Properties of Chlorinated Solvents |
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163 | (4) |
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6.2 Origins of Groundwater Contamination |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (20) |
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168 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Degradation and Daughter Products |
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170 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Biodegradation Half-Life |
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173 | (12) |
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185 | (3) |
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6.4 Groundwater Remediation Strategies |
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188 | (29) |
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6.4.1 Preliminary Considerations |
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188 | (7) |
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6.4.2 Soil Excavation, Treatment and Disposal |
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195 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Soil Vapor Extraction |
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197 | (4) |
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6.4.4 Enhanced Methods of Soil Vapor Extraction |
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201 | (1) |
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6.4.5 In Situ Air Sparging |
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202 | (8) |
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6.4.6 Enhanced Biodegradation |
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210 | (5) |
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6.4.7 In-well Aeration and Recirculation |
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215 | (1) |
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6.4.8 Reactive and Permeable Walls |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (16) |
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6.5.1 Soil Excavation, Treatment and Disposal |
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217 | (3) |
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6.5.2 Soil Vapor Extraction |
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220 | (7) |
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6.5.3 Air Sparging Comparisons to other Technologies |
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227 | (6) |
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7 Mineral Ions and Natural Groundwater Contaminants |
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233 | (66) |
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233 | (3) |
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7.2 Secondary Drinking Water Standards |
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236 | (2) |
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7.3 Irrigation Water Quality Standards |
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238 | (9) |
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238 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Water Analysis Terminology |
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238 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Types of Salt Problems |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Trace Elements and Limits |
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242 | (5) |
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7.4 Water Treatment Membrane Technologies |
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247 | (19) |
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247 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) |
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248 | (7) |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (13) |
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7.5.1 Technology Description |
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266 | (5) |
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271 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Batch and Column Exchange Systems |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (4) |
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279 | (20) |
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7.6.1 Technology Description |
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279 | (7) |
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7.6.2 Forced-Circulation Crysallizers |
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286 | (2) |
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7.6.3 Draft-tube Crystallizers and Draft-tube-baffle Crystallizers |
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288 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Surface-Cooled Crystallizers |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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7.6.6 Fluid-Bed Type Crystallizers |
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292 | (7) |
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8 Heavy Metals and Mixed Media Remediation Technologies for Contaminated Soils and Groundwater |
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299 | (80) |
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8.1 Nature of the Problem |
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299 | (1) |
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8.2 Toxic Metal Chemical Forms, Speciation and Properties |
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300 | (6) |
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8.3 Remedial Technology Strategies |
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306 | (47) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (7) |
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8.3.3 Subsurface Barriers |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (2) |
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8.3.5 Solidification/Stabilization |
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317 | (4) |
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321 | (2) |
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8.3.7 Toxicity and Mobility Reduction |
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323 | (8) |
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8.3.8 Wet Oxidation Process |
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331 | (2) |
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8.3.9 Advanced Oxidation Technologies |
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333 | (10) |
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8.3.10 Permeable Treatment Walls |
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343 | (1) |
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8.3.11 Biological Treatment |
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344 | (2) |
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8.3.12 Physical Separation |
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346 | (3) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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8.3.16 Chemical Treatment |
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350 | (1) |
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8.3.17 Physical Treatment |
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351 | (1) |
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8.3.18 Pyrometallurgical Extraction |
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352 | (1) |
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8.3.19 In Situ Soil Flushing |
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352 | (1) |
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8.3.20 Electrokinetic Treatment |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (26) |
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8.4.1 General Cost Information |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (2) |
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8.4.3 In situ Solidification/Stabilization |
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358 | (3) |
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8.4.4 Ex Situ Solidification/Stabilization |
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361 | (4) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (12) |
Index |
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379 | |