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E-raamat: Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops

(EMBRAPA, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, Brazil), (Texas A&M University, Dallas, USA), (USDA/ARS SPCL, Beltsville, Maryland, USA)
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Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field CropsSuurem pilt
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By the year 2050, the worlds population is expected to reach nine billion. To feed and sustain this projected population, world food production must increase by at least 50 percent on much of the same land that we farm today. To meet this staggering challenge, scientists must develop the technology required to achieve an "evergreen" revolutionone that increases crop productivity without degrading natural resources.

With 30 percent new material, the updated and revised third edition of Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops covers all aspects of crop growth and mineral nutrition that contribute to sustainable, high-yield agriculture. Bringing together international scientific knowledge of crop production and the impacts of agriculture on the environment, this book:











Includes two new chapters on remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soils and cover crops Covers theoretical and practical aspects of mineral nutrition of field crops Provides recommendations for judicious use of fertilizers, which will reduce cost of crop production and enhance high crop yields without risking environmental pollution Provides growth patterns for annual crops and forages Includes a handful of color pictures of nutrient deficiencies for easy diagnostic purposes

To make the book as practical as possible, each chapter is supported by experimental results and extensive references. A large number of figures and tables are also included to save readers time when researching. The overall emphasis of this reference is on the soils ability to sustain high crop yields and a healthy human population.

Arvustused

... well written and illustrated with excellent figures ... includes a lot of important data ...[ and] clear and concise definitions. ... recommended as a first reference. ... would also be an excellent textbook. Journal of Plant Physiology

The success of the Green Revolution has enabled agriculture to keep pace with the relentless growth of human populations through the development of semi-dwarf crops resistant to pests and pathogens, whose yield is maintained through the applications of agrochemicals, mineral fertilizers and irrigation. ... The 19 chapters of this excellent book cover many of the aspects of the growth and mineral nutrition of field crops that will be required to achieve sustainable, high-yield agriculture. It provides a general introduction to the mineral nutrition of field crops, environmental factors affecting crop production and the management of soils for sustainable crop production. Individual chapters describe in detail the growth and development, nutritional requirements and management options for the production of wheat and barley, rice, maize, sorghum, soyabean, common bean and cowpea, peanut, sugarcane, cassava and potato, cotton, forage and cover crops. The book will inform the next generation of academics, students, research scientists and extension workers on whose efforts the next Evergreen Revolution will depend. I recommend that they not only read it carefully, but also swiftly put its messages into practice. Philip J. White, in Experimental Agriculture, 2011, Vol. 47, Issue 3

Preface xix
Authors xxi
Chapter 1 Field Crops and Mineral Nutrition 1(12)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Field Crops
1(3)
1.3 Mineral Nutrition
4(5)
1.4 Summary
9(2)
References
11(2)
Chapter 2 Factors Affecting Production of Field Crops 13(44)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Environmental Factors
14(33)
2.2.1 Climatic
14(6)
2.2.1.1 Temperature
14(2)
2.2.1.2 Moisture Supply
16(1)
2.2.1.3 Solar Radiation
17(3)
2.2.2 Soil
20(37)
2.2.2.1 Physical Properties
21(2)
2.2.2.2 Strategies to Improve Soil Physical Properties
23(4)
2.2.2.3 Soil Chemical Properties
27(10)
2.2.2.4 Biotic
37(2)
2.2.2.5 Plant
39(8)
2.3 Summary
47(1)
References
47(10)
Chapter 3 Nutrient Flux in Soil—Plant System 57(24)
3.1 Introduction
57(1)
3.2 Nutrient Supply to Plant Roots
57(4)
3.2.1 Mass Flow
58(1)
3.2.2 Diffusion
59(1)
3.2.3 Root Interception
60(1)
3.3 Ion Absorption by Plants
61(13)
3.3.1 Root Morphology
62(1)
3.3.2 Plant Cell and Membranes
62(2)
3.3.3 Active and Passive Ion Transport
64(1)
3.3.4 Ion Uptake Mechanisms
64(2)
3.3.4.1 Carrier Theory
65(1)
3.3.4.2 ATPase Theory of Ion Transport
65(1)
3.3.5 Ion Uptake Kinetics
66(4)
3.3.6 Use of Solution Culture in Ion Uptake Studies
70(3)
3.3.6.1 pH of Solution Culture
71(2)
3.3.7 Ion Absorption Measurement
73(1)
3.4 Summary
74(1)
Appendix 3.A
75(1)
3.A.1 Preparation of FeEDDHA Solution
75(1)
3.A.2 Preparation of FeHEDTA Solution
75(1)
3.A.3 Preparation of FeEDTA Solution
76(1)
References
76(5)
Chapter 4 Diagnostic Techniques for Nutritional Disorders 81(44)
4.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2 Soil Testing
81(16)
4.2.1 Soil Sampling
83(1)
4.2.2 Sample Preparation
84(1)
4.2.3 Laboratory Analysis
84(10)
4.2.3.1 pH and Lime Requirement
85(4)
4.2.3.2 Nitrogen
89(1)
4.2.3.3 Phosphorus
90(2)
4.2.3.4 Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium
92(1)
4.2.3.5 Micronutrients
92(1)
4.2.3.6 Aluminum
93(1)
4.2.4 Calibration and Interpretation
94(2)
4.2.5 Fertilizer Recommendations
96(1)
4.3 Plant Analysis
97(11)
4.3.1 Collecting the Plant Sample
97(1)
4.3.2 Sample Preparation
98(1)
4.3.3 Chemical Analysis
99(2)
4.3.4 Interpretation
101(1)
4.3.5 Factors Affecting Nutrient Concentrations
102(25)
4.3.5.1 Genotypic Differences
104(2)
4.3.5.2 Plant Age
106(1)
4.3.5.3 Nutrient Interactions
106(2)
4.3.5.4 Environment
108(1)
4.4 Visual Symptoms
108(3)
4.5 Crop Growth Response
111(1)
4.6 Correction of Nutrient Disorder
112(6)
4.7 Summary
118(1)
References
119(6)
Chapter 5 Nutrient Management of Degraded Soils 125(50)
5.1 Introduction
125(1)
5.2 Definitions of Soil Degradation and Sustainable Soil Management
126(1)
5.3 Processes and/or Factors of Soil Degradation
127(32)
5.3.1 Physical Degradation
127(13)
5.3.1.1 Deterioration of Soil Structure
128(12)
5.3.2 Chemical Degradation
140(13)
5.3.2.1 Nutrient Stress
140(2)
5.3.2.2 Soil Acidity
142(8)
5.3.2.3 Saline-Sodic Soils
150(1)
5.3.2.4 Allelopathy
151(1)
5.3.2.5 Indiscriminate Use of Pesticides
152(1)
5.3.3 Biological Degradation
153(6)
5.3.3.1 Decrease in Soil Organic Matter Content
153(4)
5.3.3.2 Diseases, Insects, and Weeds
157(2)
5.3.4 Socioeconomic Factors
159(23)
5.3.4.1 Control Measures
159(1)
5.4 Summary
159(1)
References
160(15)
Chapter 6 Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils 175(20)
6.1 Introduction
175(3)
6.2 Adequate and Toxic Levels of Essential and Nonessential Heavy Metals in Soil and Plant Tissues of Principal Food Crops
178(3)
6.3 Tolerable Levels of Heavy Metals in Soil, Water, and Food Crops for Human and Animal Consumption
181(1)
6.4 Heavy Metals Remediation Techniques
182(6)
6.4.1 Liming
183(1)
6.4.2 Improving Soil Organic Matter Content
184(1)
6.4.3 Use of Adequate Rates of Fertilizers
185(1)
6.4.4 Phytoremediation
185(1)
6.4.5 Phytodegradation
186(2)
6.5 Summary
188(1)
References
189(6)
Chapter 7 The Effects of Essential Nutrients on Plant Diseases 195(24)
7.1 Introduction
195(1)
7.2 Nitrogen
196(2)
7.3 Phosphorus
198(1)
7.4 Potassium
199(1)
7.5 Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
200(3)
7.6 Micronutrients
203(9)
7.6.1 Zinc
203(1)
7.6.2 Boron
204(1)
7.6.3 Manganese
205(1)
7.6.4 Copper
205(3)
7.6.5 Iron
208(1)
7.6.6 Chlorine
208(1)
7.6.7 Nickel
209(1)
7.6.8 Silicon
210(1)
7.6.9 Aluminum
211(1)
7.6.10 Organic Manures
212(1)
7.6.11 Plant Diseases and Salt-Affected Soils
212(1)
7.7 Summary
212(1)
References
213(6)
Chapter 8 Wheat and Barley 219(38)
8.1 Introduction
219(1)
8.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
220(3)
8.3 Growth and Development
223(12)
8.3.1 Growth Analysis
224(2)
8.3.1.1 Crop Growth Rate
225(1)
8.3.1.2 Relative Growth Rate
225(1)
8.3.1.3 Net Assimilation Rate
225(1)
8.3.2 Growth Stages
226(4)
8.3.3 Partitioning of Dry Matter
230(2)
8.3.4 Relationship between Growth and Yield
232(3)
8.4 Nutrient Requirements
235(12)
8.4.1 Nutrient Concentration
244(1)
8.4.2 Nutrient Distribution in Plant Parts
245(2)
8.5 Summary
247(1)
References
248(9)
Chapter 9 Rice 257(56)
9.1 Introduction
257(2)
9.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
259(5)
9.3 Growth and Development
264(13)
9.3.1 Vegetative Growth Stage
266(8)
9.3.1.1 Plant Height
266(2)
9.3.1.2 Root Growth
268(1)
9.3.1.3 Tillering
269(2)
9.3.1.4 Shoot Dry Weight
271(2)
9.3.1.5 Leaf Area Index
273(1)
9.3.2 Reproductive Growth Stage
274(1)
9.3.3 Spikelet Filling or Ripening Growth Stage
274(3)
9.3.3.1 Spikelet Sterility
275(2)
9.3.4 Spikelet Weight
277(1)
9.4 Yield and Potential Yield
277(1)
9.5 Yield Component Analysis
278(1)
9.6 Grain Harvest Index
279(1)
9.7 Nutrient Requirements
280(3)
9.7.1 Upland Rice
280(1)
9.7.2 Nutrient Concentration and Uptake
280(1)
9.7.3 Fertilizer Recommendations
281(2)
9.8 Lowland Rice
283(8)
9.8.1 Electrochemical Changes in Submerged Soils
284(1)
9.8.2 Management of Nitrogen in Lowland Rice
284(2)
9.8.2.1 Adequate Rate
285(1)
9.8.2.2 Timing of Nitrogen Application
286(1)
9.8.3 Source and Method
286(2)
9.8.4 Use of N-Efficient Genotypes
288(1)
9.8.5 Nitrogen Use Efficiency
289(1)
9.8.6 Nitrogen Harvest Index
290(1)
9.9 Management of Phosphorus in Lowland Rice
291(1)
9.10 Management of Potassium in Lowland Rice
292(2)
9.10.1 Soil Test Calibration to Potassium
293(1)
9.11 Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
294(1)
9.12 Management of Micronutrients in Lowland Rice
294(1)
9.12.1 Zinc
294(1)
9.12.2 Boron
295(1)
9.13 Nutrient Concentration and Uptake
295(1)
9.14 Iron Deficiency and Toxicity in Lowland Rice
295(6)
9.14.1 Iron Uptake Mechanisms
296(2)
9.14.2 Factors Inducing Iron Toxicity
298(2)
9.14.2.1 Release of Iron from Parent Material in Soil Solution
298(1)
9.14.2.2 Oxidation—Reduction Potential
298(1)
9.14.2.3 Soil pH
299(1)
9.14.2.4 Ionic Strength
299(1)
9.14.2.5 Low Soil Fertility
300(1)
9.14.2.6 Interaction with Other Nutrients
300(1)
9.14.3 Physiological Disorders Related to Iron Toxicity
300(1)
9.14.4 Management Practices to Ameliorate Iron Toxicity
301(1)
9.15 Salinity
301(1)
9.16 Summary
302(1)
References
303(10)
Chapter 10 Corn 313(30)
10.1 Introduction
313(1)
10.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
314(1)
10.3 Growth and Development
315(6)
10.3.1 Germination
315(1)
10.3.2 Roots
316(1)
10.3.3 Stem and Leaves
317(1)
10.3.4 Inflorescence
317(1)
10.3.5 Growth Stages
317(1)
10.3.6 Dry Matter Production
318(3)
10.3.7 Leaf Area Index
321(1)
10.4 Yield and Yield Components
321(2)
10.5 Nutrient Requirements
323(12)
10.5.1 Nutrient Uptake
329(3)
10.5.2 Nutrient Concentration
332(3)
10.6 Summary
335(3)
References
338(5)
Chapter 11 Sorghum 343(20)
11.1 Introduction
343(1)
11.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
343(2)
11.3 Growth and Development
345(4)
11.3.1 Germination
345(1)
11.3.2 Roots
346(1)
11.3.3 Stem, Leaves, and Tillers
346(1)
11.3.4 Inflorescence
347(1)
11.3.5 Growth Stages
348(1)
11.3.6 Dry Matter Production
348(1)
11.3.7 Leaf Area Index
349(1)
11.4 Yield and Yield Components
349(1)
11.5 Nutrient Requirements
350(6)
11.5.1 Nutrient Uptake
352(4)
11.6 Summary
356(1)
References
356(7)
Chapter 12 Soybean 363(28)
12.1 Introduction
363(1)
12.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
364(3)
12.3 Growth and Development
367(5)
12.3.1 Germination and Seedling Growth
367(1)
12.3.2 Vegetative Development
368(3)
12.3.2.1 Roots
368(1)
12.3.2.2 Nodulation
369(1)
12.3.2.3 Top Growth
370(1)
12.3.3 Reproductive Growth
371(1)
12.3.4 Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Stages
372(1)
12.4 Yield Components
372(2)
12.5 Major Yield-Determining Physiological Parameters
374(3)
12.5.1 Dry Matter
374(1)
12.5.2 Crop Growth Rate
375(1)
12.5.3 Leaf Area Index
376(1)
12.5.4 Net Assimilation Rate
377(1)
12.5.5 Grain Harvest Index
377(1)
12.6 Nutrient Requirements
377(5)
12.6.1 Nutrient Concentration and Uptake
379(3)
12.7 Summary
382(1)
References
383(8)
Chapter 13 Common Bean and Cowpea 391(34)
13.1 Introduction
391(1)
13.2 Common Bean
391(19)
13.2.1 Climate and Soil Requirements
392(3)
13.2.2 Growth and Development
395(6)
13.2.2.1 Seedling Morphology
395(1)
13.2.2.2 Roots
396(1)
13.2.2.3 Shoot
397(4)
13.2.3 Growth Stages
401(1)
13.2.4 Dry Matter
401(1)
13.2.5 Yield Components and Yield
401(6)
13.2.5.1 Number of Pods versus Seed Yield
401(2)
13.2.5.2 Seeds per Pod and Hundred Seed Weight versus Seed Yield
403(2)
13.2.5.3 Seed Harvest Index versus Seed Yield
405(2)
13.2.5.4 Nitrogen Harvest Index and Seed Yield
407(1)
13.2.6 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
407(1)
13.2.7 Nutrient Requirements
408(2)
13.2.7.1 Nutrient Concentrations, Uptake, and Use Efficiency
408(2)
13.3 Cowpea
410(7)
13.3.1 Climate and Soil Requirements
411(1)
13.3.2 Growth and Development
412(1)
13.3.2.1 Dry Matter
412(1)
13.3.3 Yield Components and Yield
413(1)
13.3.4 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
414(1)
13.3.5 Nutrient Requirements
414(3)
13.4 Summary
417(1)
References
418(7)
Chapter 14 Peanut 425(12)
14.1 Introduction
425(1)
14.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
426(1)
14.3 Growth and Development
427(3)
14.3.1 Germination and Seedling Growth
427(1)
14.3.2 Roots
428(1)
14.3.3 Tops
428(1)
14.3.4 Dry Matter
428(1)
14.3.5 Leaf Area Index
429(1)
14.3.6 Grain Harvest Index
429(1)
14.4 Yield Components
430(1)
14.5 Nutrient Requirements
430(2)
14.5.1 Nutrient Concentration and Uptake
431(1)
14.6 Summary
432(1)
References
432(5)
Chapter 15 Sugarcane 437(20)
15.1 Introduction
437(1)
15.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
437(1)
15.3 Growth and Development
438(2)
15.3.1 Shoots
438(1)
15.3.2 Roots
439(1)
15.4 Crop Culture
440(11)
15.4.1 Planting
440(1)
15.4.2 Water Requirements, Irrigation, and Drainage
441(2)
15.4.3 Nutrient Requirements
443(6)
15.4.4 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
449(1)
15.4.5 Ripening
449(1)
15.4.6 Harvest and Ratoon Growth
450(1)
15.5 Summary
451(1)
References
451(6)
Chapter 16 Cassava and Potato 457(20)
16.1 Introduction
457(1)
16.2 Cassava
457(6)
16.2.1 Climate and Soil Requirements
458(1)
16.2.2 Growth and Development
458(3)
16.2.2.1 Roots
459(1)
16.2.2.2 Tops
459(1)
16.2.2.3 Leaf Area Index
460(1)
16.2.2.4 Dry Matter
460(1)
16.2.2.5 Harvest Index
461(1)
16.2.3 Soil Nutrient Requirements
461(2)
16.2.3.1 Plant Nutrient Concentrations
462(1)
16.2.3.2 Nutrient Accumulation
462(1)
16.3 Potato
463(8)
16.3.1 Climate and Soil Requirements
464(1)
16.3.2 Growth and Development
465(3)
16.3.2.1 Roots
466(1)
16.3.2.2 Tops
466(1)
16.3.2.3 Tubers
466(1)
16.3.2.4 Dry Matter
466(2)
16.3.3 Nutrient and Cultural Requirements
468(11)
16.3.3.1 Nutrient Concentrations
469(1)
16.3.3.2 Nutrient Accumulation
470(1)
16.4 Summary
471(1)
References
471(6)
Chapter 17 Cotton 477(18)
17.1 Introduction
477(1)
17.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
477(2)
17.3 Growth and Development
479(5)
17.3.1 Germination and Emergence
479(1)
17.3.2 Root System
480(1)
17.3.3 Stem and Leaves
481(1)
17.3.4 Fruit Development
481(1)
17.3.5 Dry Matter Production
482(1)
17.3.6 Leaf Area Index
483(1)
17.3.7 Photosynthesis
483(1)
17.4 Yield and Yield Components
484(1)
17.5 Nutrient Requirements
484(3)
17.5.1 Nutrient Uptake
486(1)
17.5.2 Nutrient Concentration
487(1)
17.6 Summary
487(1)
References
488(7)
Chapter 18 Forage 495(28)
18.1 Introduction
495(7)
18.2 Growth and Development
502(4)
18.2.1 Grasses
502(1)
18.2.1.1 Roots
502(1)
18.2.1.2 Stems
503(1)
18.2.1.3 Leaves
503(1)
18.2.1.4 Inflorescence
503(1)
18.2.2 Legumes
503(1)
18.2.2.1 Roots
503(1)
18.2.2.2 Tops
503(1)
18.2.3 Growth Stages
503(2)
18.2.4 Stand Establishment
505(1)
18.2.5 Growth Habits
505(1)
18.2.6 Dry Matter
506(1)
18.3 Grass–Legume Mixtures
506(4)
18.4 Nutritive Value
510(2)
18.5 Nitrogen Fixation
512(1)
18.6 Nutrient Requirements
512(5)
18.6.1 Nutrient Concentration and Uptake
513(4)
18.7 Summary
517(1)
References
517(6)
Chapter 19 Cover Crops 523(28)
19.1 Introduction
523(1)
19.2 Climate and Soil Requirements
524(4)
19.3 Response to Abiotic and Biotic Factors
528(2)
19.4 Beneficial Effects of Cover Crops
530(6)
19.4.1 Soil Erosion Control
530(1)
19.4.2 Soil Physical Properties and Water-Holding Capacity
531(1)
19.4.3 Soil Organic Matter
532(1)
19.4.4 Nitrogen Economy and Soil Fertility
532(2)
19.4.5 Soil Biological Activity
534(1)
19.4.6 Weed Suppression
535(1)
19.4.7 Reduction of Diseases and Insect Pest Problems
535(1)
19.4.8 Crop Yield Improvements
536(1)
19.5 Strengths and Limitations
536(1)
19.6 Management and Fertilizer Requirements
536(3)
19.7 Strategies for Success in Cover Crop Establishment
539(7)
19.7.1 Suitability of Species
539(1)
19.7.2 Seed Treatment
539(2)
19.7.3 Seed Inoculation with Rhizobia and Mycorrhizae
541(1)
19.7.4 Land Preparation and Planting
541(2)
19.7.5 Light and Shade Management
543(1)
19.7.6 Crop Residue Management
543(2)
19.7.7 Drought Management
545(1)
19.8 Summary
546(1)
References
546(5)
Index 551
Nand Kumar Fageria, Virupax C. Baligar, Charles Allan Jones
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