Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
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1 Linear Systems: What You Missed the First Time |
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1 | (51) |
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1.1 Differential Equations Are a Natural Way to Express Time Evolution |
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1 | (11) |
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1.1.1 A First-Order System |
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1 | (7) |
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1.1.2 Higher-Order Systems |
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8 | (4) |
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1.1.3 For Those of You Bothered by the Numerical Fitting in Section 1.1.1 |
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12 | (1) |
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1.2 Convenient Properties of Linear Differential Equations |
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12 | (10) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.2.2 The Special Place of Exponentials |
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15 | (4) |
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1.2.3 But Why Complex Exponentials? |
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19 | (3) |
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1.3 Frequency Domain Methods: A Beautiful Strategy |
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22 | (7) |
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1.3.1 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals |
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23 | (3) |
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1.3.2 The Fourier Transform and the Meaning of Integrals |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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1.4 Impulses in Linear, Time-Invariant Systems |
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29 | (6) |
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29 | (2) |
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1.4.2 The Fourier Transform and the Impulse Response |
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31 | (2) |
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1.4.3 The Fourier Transform of Differential Equations |
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33 | (2) |
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1.5 The Unilateral Laplace Transform |
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35 | (12) |
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1.5.1 Dynamic Interpretation of Poles |
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36 | (4) |
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1.5.2 The Geometric View of Poles and Zeros |
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40 | (4) |
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1.5.3 Initial and Final Value Theorems |
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44 | (2) |
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1.5.4 Inverting the Laplace Transform |
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46 | (1) |
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1.6 Convolution and the Special Place of Exponentials |
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47 | (1) |
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1.7 Discrete-Time Formalism: Same Ideas, Different Notation |
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47 | (3) |
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1.7.1 Difference Equations Are a Really Natural Expression of Time Evolution |
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47 | (2) |
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1.7.2 The Fourier Transform in Discrete Time |
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49 | (1) |
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1.7.3 The Z-Transform, the Impulse Response, and Convolution in Discrete Time |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (64) |
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2.1 Filling a Glass with Water |
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52 | (3) |
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2.2 Open-versus Closed-Loop Control in Block Diagrams |
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55 | (3) |
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2.3 Anatomy of a Feedback Loop |
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58 | (12) |
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58 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Sensors and Actuators |
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61 | (5) |
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2.3.3 Loop Transmission, Negative Feedback, and Stable Equilibria |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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2.4 Delay Complicates Everything |
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70 | (7) |
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2.4.1 Phase Response as a Frequency-Dependent Delay |
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71 | (3) |
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2.4.2 The Fundamental Oscillation Condition |
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74 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Poles in the Right-Half Plane Are Bad |
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75 | (2) |
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2.5 Root Locus Techniques |
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77 | (28) |
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2.5.1 The Problem We're Trying to Solve |
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79 | (3) |
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2.5.2 The Amazing Things You Can Do with Two Simple Conditions |
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82 | (7) |
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2.5.3 Root Locus as a Design Tool |
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89 | (10) |
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2.5.4 Root Locus in Discrete Time |
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99 | (3) |
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2.5.5 A Useful Limit of DT |
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102 | (3) |
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2.6 Common Control Strategies |
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105 | (8) |
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105 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Dominant Poles and Integrators |
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107 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Lag and Lead Compensators |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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2.7 Answers to Sample Problems |
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113 | (3) |
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3 The Nyquist Stability Criterion |
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116 | (31) |
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3.1 An Authoritative Test of Stability |
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116 | (1) |
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3.1.1 True Delay and Root Locus |
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117 | (1) |
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3.2 A Note on Conformal Mapping |
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117 | (2) |
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3.3 Cauchy's Principle of the Argument |
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119 | (3) |
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3.4 And Now the Nyquist Stability Criterion |
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122 | (4) |
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3.5 Bode Plots Help with Nyquist |
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126 | (5) |
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3.6 Nyquist Plot Examples |
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131 | (6) |
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3.7 Phase Margin: Why You Never Really Learned Nyquist |
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137 | (9) |
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3.7.1 The Stability Margin Concept |
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138 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Phase Margin Definition |
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139 | (6) |
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3.7.3 Phase Margin, Overshoot, Ringing, and Magnitude Peaking |
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145 | (1) |
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3.8 Nyquist and Bode Techniques for DT Systems |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (25) |
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4.1 "But in Control Theory, They Use Lots of Linear Algebra " |
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147 | (3) |
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4.2 The Problem of "Sinusoids Running Around Loops" |
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150 | (7) |
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4.3 Discrete-Time Control of Continuous-Time Systems |
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157 | (15) |
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4.3.1 DT Processing of CT Signals |
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158 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Don't Kid Around: Just Oversample |
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163 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Relationship between z and s in Mixed-Signal Control |
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165 | (4) |
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4.3.4 DT Compensators for CT Systems |
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169 | (1) |
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4.3.5 The Other Useful Extreme: Slow Sampling |
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169 | (1) |
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4.3.6 A Note on the Bias toward CT Methods |
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169 | (1) |
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4.3.7 Sometimes, Real-Time Computer Control Is Hopeless |
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170 | (2) |
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5 Feedback in the Real World |
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172 | (9) |
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5.1 Finding Loop Transmissions |
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172 | (3) |
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5.1.1 Is the Sign Right? A Useful Check |
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174 | (1) |
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5.2 A Common Application: Howling Speakers and Microphones |
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175 | (6) |
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6 Conclusion and Further Reading |
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181 | (2) |
Index |
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183 | |