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E-raamat: Gyrators, Simulated Inductors and Related Immittances: Realizations and applications

(International Institute of Technology and Management, Meerut, India), (Delhi Technological University (DTU), India), (Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), India), (Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), India)
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  • Sari: Materials, Circuits and Devices
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Jul-2020
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781785616716
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Gyrators, Simulated Inductors and Related Immittances: Realizations and applicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Materials, Circuits and Devices
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Jul-2020
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781785616716
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This book provides comprehensive coverage of the major gyrator circuits, simulated inductors and related synthetic impedances. It offers a thorough review of research in this field to date, and includes an exceptionally wide range and number of circuit examples, along with their relevant design equations, limitations, performance features, advantages and shortcomings. The book provides useful information for academics wishing to keep up-to-date with developments in the design of gyrators and other related synthetic impedances, and can also be used as a reference guide by electronics engineers looking to select appropriate circuits for specific applications.



The book begins with an introduction to the key concepts of integrated and simulated inductors. Later chapters go on to cover the gyrators, simulated inductors and other related synthetic impedances realised with a wide variety of active devices ranging from bipolar and MOS transistors to the ubiquitous IC op-amps, operational transconductance amplifiers, current conveyors, current feedback op-amps and numerous other modern electronic circuit building blocks.
About the authors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgement xxiii
1 Gyrators, integrated inductors and simulated inductors
1(26)
Abstract
1(1)
1.1 Prologue
1(1)
1.2 Basic one-port circuit elements
2(1)
1.3 Basic two-port circuit elements
3(5)
1.3.1 The transformer
3(1)
1.3.2 The gyrator
4(2)
1.3.3 The two-port impedance converters and inverters
6(2)
1.4 The pathological elements
8(2)
1.5 Multi-terminal gyrator
10(2)
1.6 Multiport inverters/converters
12(1)
1.7 Commercially available inductors and Coilcraft
12(1)
1.8 Basic difficulties in micro-miniaturization of inductors
13(2)
1.9 Integrated inductors and transformers on the chip
15(1)
1.10 Power gyrators
16(1)
1.11 Use of ANSYS and COMSOL for the analysis of inductor designs
17(1)
1.12 The need for simulated inductors
17(1)
1.13 Concluding remarks
18(9)
References
19(8)
2 Gyrators and simulated inductors using op-amps
27(72)
Abstract
27(1)
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 The gyrator
28(3)
2.3 Op-amp gyrators and related circuits
31(13)
2.3.1 NIC-based gyrator
31(1)
2.3.2 VCCS-based gyrator
32(1)
2.3.3 Generalized impedance converters (GIC)/gyrators
33(3)
2.3.4 Two-op-amp resistively variable capacitance simulators
36(4)
2.3.5 Two-op-amp lossless inductance simulator
40(1)
2.3.6 Tripathi-Patranabis lossless grounded inductor
41(1)
2.3.7 Lossless GI using summer/subtractor circuits
42(1)
2.3.8 Two modified forms of the GIC and their applications
42(2)
2.4 Single-op-amp lossless inductance simulators
44(4)
2.4.1 Orchard-Will son gyrator
44(1)
2.4.2 Schmidt-Lee circuit
45(1)
2.4.3 Ramsey gyrator
46(1)
2.4.4 Horn-Moschytz circuit
47(1)
2.5 Economic inductance simulators and resonators
48(11)
2.5.1 Ford-Girling circuit
48(1)
2.5.2 Prescott circuit
49(1)
2.5.3 Berndt-Dutta Roy circuit
49(2)
2.5.4 Caggiano circuit
51(1)
2.5.5 Patranabis circuit
51(1)
2.5.6 The parallel/series RL inductors derived by Rao-Venkateswaran
52(1)
2.5.7 Ahmed-Dutta Roy technique of deriving grounded-capacitor lossy GI
53(2)
2.5.8 Senani-Tiwari circuit
55(1)
2.5.9 Soliman-Awad tunable active inductor
56(1)
2.5.10 Nagarajan-Dutta Roy-Choudhary circuit
57(1)
2.5.11 Senani's single-resistance-tunable GIs
58(1)
2.6 Lossless floating impedance simulators using four op-amps
59(3)
2.6.1 Riordan's method of creating a lossless FI
59(1)
2.6.2 GIC method of simulating FI
60(1)
2.6.3 Tripathi-Patranabis FI
61(1)
2.6.4 Mutator-simulated floating inductors
62(1)
2.7 The multi-port immittance converters/inverters and multi-port gyrators
62(1)
2.8 Three-op-amp-based floating immittance simulators
62(6)
2.8.1 Three-op-amp-single-capacitor FIs based on GlC-type networks
63(2)
2.8.2 FI realizations using three op-amps along with a grounded capacitor
65(1)
2.8.3 Senani's single-resistance-controllable lossless FI
66(1)
2.8.4 Patranabis-Paul capacitance floatation circuit
67(1)
2.9 Lossless FIs using only two op-amps
68(2)
2.9.1 The-Yanagisawa circuit
68(1)
2.9.2 Sudo-Teramoto circuit
69(1)
2.10 Economic op-amp-based lossless/lossy FIs
70(4)
2.10.1 The cascade back-to-back approach to FI realization
71(1)
2.10.2 Parallel back-to-back approach to FI realization
72(1)
2.10.3 Senani-Tiwari FI
73(1)
2.11 The active-/? simulation of grounded/floating impedances and resonators
74(2)
2.12 Switched-capacitor simulated inductors
76(4)
2.13 FI realization using four-terminal floating nullors (FTFNs)
80(4)
2.14 Non-ideal behaviour of simulated impedances due to finite GBP of the op-amps used
84(1)
2.15 Concluding remarks
84(15)
References
86(13)
3 The operational transconductance amplifier based gyrators and impedance simulators
99(48)
Abstract
99(1)
3.1 The OTAs and their advantages in analog circuit design
99(1)
3.2 Integrated OTAs
100(2)
3.3 OTA-C gyrators, inductors and related impedances
102(8)
3.4 07A-RC impedance converters/inverters
110(2)
3.5 Other OTA-based lossless/lossy inductors and FDNRs
112(3)
3.6 Synthetic impedances using OTAs and op-amps
115(8)
3.7 OTA-based capacitance multipliers
123(3)
3.8 Inductor and FDNC simulators using OTAs and unity gain adders/subtractors
126(2)
3.9 Active-only simulators using op-amps and OTAs
128(5)
3.10 Electronically controllable resistors using OTAs
133(5)
3.11 Simulation of mutually coupled circuits and transformers
138(1)
3.12 Multi-port gyrators using OTAs: retrospection
138(2)
3.13 Concluding remarks
140(7)
References
141(6)
4 Synthetic impedances using current conveyors and their variants
147(102)
Abstract
147(1)
4.1 Introduction
147(2)
4.2 Realization of grounded and floating negative impedances
149(2)
4.3 Realization of synthetic grounded inductors, FDNRs and related elements
151(5)
4.3.1 Grounded inductance simulation using CCs
151(1)
4.3.2 Single-CCII-based active gyrators
152(1)
4.3.3 Single CCII-based grounded impedance simulators
153(3)
4.4 Synthetic floating impedances without component-matching requirements
156(25)
4.4.1 The first ever CC-based FI simulators without requiring any component matching
156(9)
4.4.2 Two other single-CC-based FIs without component matching
165(1)
4.4.3 GPIC/GPII/three-port gyrator configurations using CCs
166(4)
4.4.4 Additional three-CC-based floating inductor/FDNR simulators
170(2)
4.4.5 Floating impedance realization using two DOCCs
172(1)
4.4.6 Floating impedances using CCIIs and op-amps/OTAs
173(3)
4.4.7 Economical floating impedance circuits synthesized using the `CCll-nullor' equivalence
176(3)
4.4.8 Realization of mutually coupled circuits
179(2)
4.5 Impedance simulation using CCCII
181(12)
4.5.1 Current-controlled positive/negative resistance realization
184(3)
4.5.2 Electronically tunable grounded/floating impedances
187(5)
4.5.3 Electronically tunable synthetic transformer
192(1)
4.6 Immittance simulation using different variants of current conveyors
193(26)
4.6.1 Lossless FI realization employing only two DOCCs and three passive components
194(1)
4.6.2 DVCC-based floating inductance/FDNR realization
194(1)
4.6.3 CCIII-simulated inductors
195(1)
4.6.4 Single-DVCC-based grounded RL and CD immittance simulators
196(1)
4.6.5 DXCCII-based electronically controllable gyrator/inductor
197(1)
4.6.6 Grounded inductor realized with modified inverting CCII
198(1)
4.6.7 Synthetic floating immittances realized with DOCCII
199(1)
4.6.8 Another FI with improved low-frequency performance realized with only two DOCCIIs
200(1)
4.6.9 Floating impedance simulator realized with a DOCCII and an OTA
201(1)
4.6.10 Lossless FI realization employing a DOCCCII and grounded capacitor
202(1)
4.6.11 AN FI employing only a single DODDCC and three passive elements
203(1)
4.6.12 External resistorless FI realization using DXCCII
203(1)
4.6.13 Electronically tunable MOSFET-C FDNR using a DXCCII
204(1)
4.6.14 Grounded inductance simulation using a DXCCII
205(1)
4.6.15 FI realization using only two DVCCs/DVCCCs
206(3)
4.6.16 FDCCII-based lossless grounded inductor employing three grounded passive elements
209(2)
4.6.17 DXCCII-based grounded inductance simulators
211(2)
4.6.18 Grounded-capacitor-based floating capacitance multiplier using CCDDCCs
213(2)
4.6.19 Single-DODDCC-based grounded lossy inductance simulators employing a grounded capacitor
215(1)
4.6.20 DCCII-based grounded inductance simulator
216(1)
4.6.21 Miscellaneous FI simulators using ICCII, DVCC and FDVCC elements
217(2)
4.7 Higher order filter design using nonideal simulated impedances
219(3)
4.8 Concluding remarks
222(27)
References
223(26)
5 Current feedback-op-amp-based synthetic impedances
249(46)
Abstract
249(1)
5.1 Introduction
249(2)
5.2 The IC CFOA AD844
251(2)
5.3 Systematic synthesis of gyrators/grounded inductance simulators
253(2)
5.4 Lossless FI simulators using CFOAs
255(8)
5.5 Grounded/floating generalized positive impedance converters/inverters (GPIC/GPII) and generalized negative impedance converters/inverters (GNIC/GNII)
263(6)
5.6 Economic simulation of lossy grounded inductors
269(2)
5.7 Low-component-count lossy FI simulation
271(2)
5.8 Single resistance-controllable single CFOA simulators
273(6)
5.9 Inductors and resonators using CFOA poles
279(3)
5.10 GI/FI simulators using modified CFOAs
282(8)
5.11 Concluding remarks
290(5)
References
290(5)
6 Applications of FTFN/OFA and OMAs in impedance synthesis
295(40)
Abstract
295(1)
6.1 Introduction
295(1)
6.2 An overview of nullors, FTFN/OFA and OMAs
296(9)
6.3 Generation of FTFN-based floating immittances
305(7)
6.3.1 Realization of floating generalized impedance converters/inverters
306(2)
6.3.2 Generation of lossless FI circuits using a single FTFN
308(2)
6.3.3 Single-resistance-tunable lossy FI simulation using only a single FTFN
310(2)
6.4 Operational mirrored amplifiers (OMA)-based simulators
312(11)
6.4.1 OMA-based floating GIC
312(2)
6.4.2 A floating GIC using OMA
314(1)
6.4.3 Floating impedance realization using a dual OMA
315(2)
6.4.4 Three OMA-based floating impedance simulators
317(3)
6.4.5 OMA-based FI using op-amp pole
320(2)
6.4.6 OMA-based FI with extended frequency range
322(1)
6.5 Operational floating amplifiers and their use in floating gyrator and FI realization
323(4)
6.5.1 The OFA-based floating gyrator
324(1)
6.5.2 The DD-OFA and its use in FI synthesis
325(2)
6.6 Concluding remarks
327(8)
References
328(7)
7 Realization of voltage-controlled impedances
335(32)
Abstract
335(1)
7.1 Introduction
335(2)
7.2 Grounded VCZ realization using op-amps
337(14)
7.2.1 Nay-Budak voltage-controlled resistors with extended dynamic range
337(2)
7.2.2 Senani-Bhaskar VCZ configurations
339(3)
7.2.3 Leuciuc-Goras VCZ configurations based upon GIC
342(3)
7.2.4 Three-op-amp-based VCZ structure by Senani-Bhaskar
345(1)
7.2.5 Senani's universal VCZ structure with only two op-amps
346(2)
7.2.6 Ndjountche configuration using MOS resistive circuit
348(1)
7.2.7 Economical VCZ configurations
349(2)
7.3 Grounded VCZ configurations using CFOAs
351(1)
7.4 VCZ configurations using current conveyors
352(1)
7.5 The floating VCR
352(3)
7.6 The floating/grounded voltage-controlled GIC/GIIs using CFOAs
355(2)
7.7 Floating VC-negative-impedance realization using OMAs
357(2)
7.8 Floating/grounded VCZ structures using CFOAs and analogue multipliers
359(4)
7.9 Concluding remarks
363(4)
References
364(3)
8 Impedance synthesis using modern active building blocks
367(56)
Abstract
367(1)
8.1 Introduction
367(1)
8.2 An overview of modem electronic circuit building blocks
368(1)
8.3 Grounded impedance and floating impedance synthesis using modern building blocks
368(46)
8.3.1 Unity gain VF/CF-based circuits
368(6)
8.3.2 OTRA-based circuits
374(1)
8.3.3 DDA-based circuits
375(5)
8.3.4 Translinear operational current amplifier
380(1)
8.3.5 CDTA-based circuits
380(2)
8.3.6 CDBA-based circuits
382(3)
8.3.7 CFTA-based circuits
385(3)
8.3.8 VDTA-based impedance simulators
388(4)
8.3.9 CCTA-based circuits
392(4)
8.3.10 VDBA-based circuits
396(3)
8.3.11 VD-DIBA-based circuit
399(3)
8.3.12 CFCC-based circuits
402(4)
8.3.13 Inductance simulation using OTA-CO A
406(1)
8.3.14 FDNR realization using capacitive gyrators
406(2)
8.3.15 Lossless grounded inductance simulator using VDCC
408(1)
8.3.16 Inductance simulation using VDIBA
408(2)
8.3.17 General floating immittance simulator using CBTA
410(2)
8.3.18 Simulation of inductor using current differential amplifiers (CDA)
412(1)
8.3.19 GI/FI using other miscellaneous active elements
412(2)
8.4 Concluding remarks
414(9)
References
415(8)
9 Transistor-level realization of electronically controllable grounded and floating resistors
423(50)
Abstract
423(1)
9.1 Introduction
423(1)
9.2 BJT-based translinear current-controlled resistors
424(15)
9.2.1 Current-controllable grounded/floating resistors
424(2)
9.2.2 A translinear current-controlled floating resistor due to Barthelemy and Fabre
426(2)
9.2.3 A translinear current-controllable floating negative resistor
428(2)
9.2.4 Translinear floating current-controlled positive resistance due to Senani, Singh and Singh
430(3)
9.2.5 A circuit to realize current-controllable floating positive/negative resistance
433(1)
9.2.6 A low transistor count current-controlled grounded/floating, positive/negative resistor due to Arslanalp, Yuce and Tola
434(3)
9.2.7 Current-controlled-resistor based upon a new eight-transistor mixed-translinear cell (MTC)
437(1)
9.2.8 Electronically tunable active resistance circuits based upon differential amplifiers
438(1)
9.3 CMOS linear voltage/current-controlled grounded/floating resistors
439(24)
9.3.1 A two-MOSFET-based linear voltage-controlled resistor devised by Han and Park
440(1)
9.3.2 Some general techniques of realizing linear MOS-resistive circuits
441(3)
9.3.3 The two MOSFET transresistor due to Wang
444(1)
9.3.4 Banu-Tsividis linear voltage-controlled floating linear resistor
445(1)
9.3.5 Linear transconductor due to Park and Schaumann
445(2)
9.3.6 Linear floating VCR due to Nagaraj
447(1)
9.3.7 Wilson and Chan grounded VCR
448(1)
9.3.8 Wang's grounded linear VCR
449(1)
9.3.9 Positive/negative linear grounded VCRs due to Wang
450(2)
9.3.10 Positive/negative linear grounded VCRs and voltage-controlled gyrator using NICs
452(2)
9.3.11 Floating linear resistor proposed by Elwan, Mahmoud and Soliman
454(9)
9.4 Concluding remarks
463(10)
References
464(9)
10 Bipolar and CMOS active inductors and transformers
473(32)
Abstract
473(1)
10.1 Introduction
473(1)
10.2 BJT-based gyrators and inductance simulators
474(6)
10.2.1 The early attempts of devising transistor-based gyrators/simulated inductors
474(1)
10.2.2 A two-transistor semiconductor FI simulator due to Takahashi, Hamada, Watanabe and Miyata
475(1)
10.2.3 A direct-coupled fully integratable gyrator due to Chua and Newcomb
476(1)
10.2.4 The integrated gyrator due to Haykim, Kramer, Shewchun and Treleaven
476(1)
10.2.5 Synthesis of three transistor gyrators
477(1)
10.2.6 The translinear floating inductance simulator
478(2)
10.3 CMOS active inductors
480(12)
10.3.1 CMOS inductor proposed by Uyanik and Tarim
480(1)
10.3.2 CMOS grounded inductor proposed by Reja, Filanovsky and Moez
481(2)
10.3.3 Constant-g active inductor proposed by Tang, Yuan and Law
483(1)
10.3.4 CMOS active inductors due to Krishnamurthy, El-Sankary and El-Masry
484(2)
10.3.5 CMOS high-g active grounded inductor due to Li, Wang and Gong
486(1)
10.3.6 Tunable CMOS inductor using MOSFETs
487(2)
10.3.7 CMOS inductor proposed by Sato and Ito
489(3)
10.4 CMOS active transformers
492(3)
10.5 Concluding remarks
495(10)
References
496(9)
11 Recent developments and concluding remarks
505(32)
Abstract
505(1)
11.1 Introduction
505(1)
11.2 Retrospection
505(7)
11.3 Recent developments on inductance simulation and related impedances
512(19)
11.3.1 Evolution of single-active-element-based floating impedance configurations
512(7)
11.3.2 Floating impedance configurations having electronic tunability and temperature-insensitivity
519(2)
11.3.3 Impact of the circuits and techniques of impedance simulation on the area of memristive circuits
521(6)
11.3.4 Impact of the circuit techniques of impedance simulation on the area of fractional-order circuits
527(4)
11.4 Concluding remarks
531(1)
11.5 Epilogue
531(6)
References
532(5)
Further reading 537(6)
Index 543
Raj Senani has been a professor of electronics and communication engineering at Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), India since 1990. He has held the positions of Head and Dean of various departments, as well as Institute Director, at various times. He has authored/co-authored over 150 papers in international journals and 4 books. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an elected Fellow of National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) and has been serving as an Associate Editor for Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing (Birkhauser-Boston) since 2003.



Data Ram Bhaskar had been a professor of ECE at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India, since 2002 where he had served as the Head of the Department during 2002-2005. Professor Bhaskar is currently with Delhi Technological University (DTU). He is a Senior Member of IEEE, a Fellow of IE (India) and a Life Fellow of IETE (India). He has authored/co-authored over 90 research papers in International Journals and 3 books.



Vinod Kumar Singh was a professor in the electronics and communication department at the Institution of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India. He is now the Vice-Chancellor of the International Institute of Technology and Management, Meerut, India. He is a Fellow of the IETE and a member of the IEEE. He has authored/co-authored over 30 research papers in International Journals and 2 books.



Abdhesh Kumar Singh was a professor and the Institute director at the Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India. He is now a visiting professor at Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), India. He has authored/co-authored over 45 research papers in International Journals and 2 books.
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