Preface |
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xvii | |
1 An Introduction to Knowledge Engineering and Data Analytics |
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1 | (20) |
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2 | (3) |
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1.1.1 Online Learning and Fragmented Learning Modeling |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2 Knowledge and Knowledge Engineering |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Knowledge Engineering |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Knowledge Engineering as a Modelling Process |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (5) |
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8 | (2) |
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1.5.2 When Can KBE Be Used? |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.6 Guided Random Search and Network Techniques |
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13 | (1) |
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1.6.1 Guide Random Search Techniques |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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1.7.1 Design Point Data Structure |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7.5 Considerations When Using a GA |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7.6 Alternative to Genetic-Inspired Creation of Children |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.7.8 Closing Remarks for GA |
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18 | (1) |
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1.8 Artificial Neural Networks |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
2 A Framework for Big Data Knowledge Engineering |
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21 | (18) |
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22 | (4) |
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2.1.1 Knowledge Engineering in AI and Its Techniques |
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23 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.1.1.2 Unsupervised Model |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.1.1.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Disaster Management |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Big Data in Knowledge Engineering |
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26 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Cognitive Tasks for Time Series Sequential Data |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Neural Network for Analyzing the Weather Forecasting |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Improved Bayesian Hidden Markov Frameworks |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (2) |
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2.4 Results and Discussion |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (3) |
3 Big Data Knowledge System in Healthcare |
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39 | (28) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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3.2.1 Big Data: Definition |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Big Data: Characteristics |
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42 | (1) |
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3.3 Big Data Tools and Techniques |
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43 | (2) |
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3.3.1 Big Data Value Chain |
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43 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Big Data Tools and Techniques |
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45 | (1) |
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3.4 Big Data Knowledge System in Healthcare |
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45 | (14) |
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3.4.1 Sources of Medical Big Data |
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51 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Knowledge in Healthcare |
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53 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Big Data Knowledge Management Systems in Healthcare |
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55 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Big Data Analytics in Healthcare |
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56 | (3) |
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3.5 Big Data Applications in the Healthcare Sector |
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59 | (3) |
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3.5.1 Real Time Healthcare Monitoring and Altering |
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59 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Early Disease Prediction with Big Data |
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59 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Patients Predictions for Improved Staffing |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.6 Challenges with Healthcare Big Data |
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62 | (2) |
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3.6.1 Challenges of Big Data |
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62 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Challenges of Healthcare Big Data |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
4 Big Data for Personalized Healthcare |
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67 | (26) |
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68 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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4.1.4 Organization of the Chapter |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Healthcare Cyber Physical System Architecture |
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71 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Healthcare Cloud Architecture |
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71 | (1) |
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4.2.3 User Authentication Management |
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72 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Healthcare as a Service (HaaS) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Chart and Trend Analysis |
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73 | (1) |
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4.2.7 Medical Data Analysis |
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73 | (1) |
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4.2.8 Hospital Platform Based On Cloud Computing |
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74 | (1) |
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4.2.9 Patient's Data Collection |
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74 | (1) |
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4.2.10 H-Cloud Challenges |
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75 | (1) |
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4.2.11 Healthcare Information System and Cost |
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75 | (1) |
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4.3 System Analysis and Design |
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75 | (8) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Software Components |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Architecture Diagram |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.4 System Implementation |
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83 | (5) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Notification Module |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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4.5 Results and Discussion |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
5 Knowledge Engineering for AI in Healthcare |
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93 | (22) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (11) |
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5.2.1 Knowledge Representation |
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95 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Types of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence |
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96 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Relation Between Knowledge and Intelligence |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Approaches to Knowledge Representation |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Requirements for Knowledge Representation System |
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98 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Techniques of Knowledge Representation |
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98 | (3) |
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5.2.6.1 Logical Representation |
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99 | (1) |
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5.2.6.2 Semantic Network Representation |
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99 | (1) |
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5.2.6.3 Frame Representation |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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5.2.7 Process of Knowledge Engineering |
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101 | (5) |
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5.2.8 Knowledge Discovery Process |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3 Applications of Knowledge Engineering in AI for Healthcare |
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106 | (7) |
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5.3.1 AI Supports in Clinical Decisions |
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107 | (1) |
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5.3.2 AI-Assisted Robotic Surgery |
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107 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Enhance Primary Care and Triage |
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108 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Clinical Judgments or Diagnosis |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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5.3.7 Deep Learning to Diagnose Diseases |
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110 | (1) |
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5.3.8 Automating Administrative Tasks |
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111 | (1) |
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5.3.9 Reducing Operational Costs |
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112 | (1) |
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5.3.10 Virtual Nursing Assistants |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
6 Business Intelligence and Analytics from Big Data to Healthcare |
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115 | (32) |
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116 | (2) |
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6.1.1 Impact of Healthcare Industry on Economy |
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116 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Coronavirus Impact on the Healthcare Industry |
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117 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Objective of the Study |
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117 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Limitations of the Study |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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6.3 Conceptual Healthcare Stock Prediction System |
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120 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Business Intelligence and Analytics Framework |
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122 | (2) |
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6.3.2.1 Simple Machine Learning Model |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3.2.2 Time Series Forecasting |
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123 | (1) |
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6.3.2.3 Complex Deep Neural Network |
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123 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Predicting the Stock Price |
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124 | (1) |
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6.4 Implementation and Result Discussion |
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124 | (17) |
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6.4.1 Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Limited |
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125 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Cadila Healthcare Ltd |
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125 | (3) |
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6.4.3 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories |
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128 | (2) |
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6.4.4 Fortis Healthcare Limited |
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130 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Max Healthcare Institute Limited |
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131 | (1) |
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6.4.6 Opto Circuits Limited |
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131 | (4) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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6.4.9 Thyrocare Technologies Limited |
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138 | (1) |
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6.4.10 Zydus Wellness Ltd |
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138 | (3) |
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6.5 Comparisons of Healthcare Stock Prediction Framework |
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141 | (2) |
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6.6 Conclusion and Future Enhancement |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
7 Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics for Smart Healthcare |
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147 | (20) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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7.3 Smart Healthcare Using Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics |
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151 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Smart Diabetes Prediction |
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151 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Smart ADHD Prediction |
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154 | (5) |
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7.4 Security for Internet of Things |
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159 | (5) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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7.4.3 K-NAF Multiplication Architecture |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (3) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
8 Knowledge-Driven and Intelligent Computing in Healthcare |
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167 | (22) |
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168 | (3) |
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8.1.1 Basics of Health Recommendation System |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Need of Ontology in Health Recommendation System |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Ontology in Various Domain |
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172 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Ontology in Health Recommendation System |
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174 | (1) |
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8.3 Framework for Health Recommendation System |
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175 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Domain Ontology Creation |
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176 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Query Pre- Processing |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Recommendation System |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (6) |
9 Secure Healthcare Systems Based on Big Data Analytics |
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189 | (24) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Semi-Structured Data |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Patient Behavior and Sentiment Data |
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194 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Clinical Data and Clinical Notes |
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194 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Clinical Reference and Health Publication Data |
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195 | (1) |
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9.2.8 Administrative and External Data |
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195 | (1) |
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9.3 Recent Works in Big Data Analytics in Healthcare Data |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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9.5 Privacy of Healthcare Big Data |
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198 | (2) |
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9.6 Privacy Right by Country and Organization |
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200 | (1) |
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9.7 How Blockchain is Big Data Usable for Healthcare |
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200 | (7) |
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200 | (2) |
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9.7.2 Smart Data Tracking |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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9.7.6 Sharing Interoperability and Data |
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203 | (3) |
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9.7.7 Improving Research and Development (R&D) |
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206 | (1) |
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9.7.8 Drugs Fighting Counterfeit |
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206 | (1) |
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9.7.9 Patient Mutual Participation |
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206 | (1) |
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9.7.10 Internet Access by Patient to Longitudinal Data |
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206 | (1) |
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9.7.11 Data Storage into Off Related to Confidentiality and Data Scale |
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207 | (1) |
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9.8 Blockchain Threats and Medical Strategies Big Data Technology |
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207 | (1) |
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9.9 Conclusion and Future Research |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (5) |
10 Predictive and Descriptive Analysis for Healthcare Data |
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213 | (20) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (14) |
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10.2.1 Healthcare Analysis |
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215 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Predictive Analytics |
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217 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Predictive Analytics Current Trends |
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217 | (1) |
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10.2.3.1 Importance of PA |
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217 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Descriptive Analysis |
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218 | (3) |
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10.2.4.1 Descriptive Statistics |
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218 | (1) |
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10.2.4.2 Categories of Descriptive Analysis |
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219 | (2) |
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10.2.5 Method of Modeling |
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221 | (1) |
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10.2.6 Measures of Data Analytics |
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221 | (2) |
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10.2.7 Healthcare Data Analytics Platforms and Tools |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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10.2.9 Issues in Predictive Healthcare Analysis |
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226 | (1) |
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10.2.9.1 Integrating Separate Data Sources |
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226 | (1) |
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10.2.9.2 Advanced Cloud Technologies |
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226 | (1) |
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10.2.9.3 Privacy and Security |
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227 | (1) |
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10.2.9.4 The Fast Pace of Technology Changes |
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227 | (1) |
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10.2.10 Applications of Predictive Analysis |
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227 | (9) |
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10.2.10.1 Improving Operational Efficiency |
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227 | (1) |
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10.2.10.2 Personal Medicine |
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228 | (1) |
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10.2.10.3 Population Health and Risk Scoring |
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228 | (1) |
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10.2.10.4 Outbreak Prediction |
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228 | (1) |
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10.2.10.5 Controlling Patient Deterioration |
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228 | (1) |
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10.2.10.6 Supply Chain Management |
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228 | (1) |
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10.2.10.7 Potential in Precision Medicine |
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229 | (1) |
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10.2.10.8 Cost Savings From Reducing Waste and Fraud |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
11 Machine and Deep Learning Algorithms for Healthcare Applications |
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233 | (22) |
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234 | (1) |
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11.2 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Supervised Learning |
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236 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Unsupervised Learning |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Reinforcement Learning |
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238 | (1) |
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11.4 Advantages of Using Deep Learning on Top of Machine Learning |
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239 | (1) |
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11.5 Deep Learning Architecture |
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239 | (3) |
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11.6 Medical Image Analysis using Deep Learning |
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242 | (1) |
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11.7 Deep Learning in Chest X-Ray Images |
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243 | (3) |
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11.8 Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval |
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246 | (3) |
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11.9 Image Retrieval Performance Metrics |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (5) |
12 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Data Science with Knowledge Engineering |
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255 | (30) |
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256 | (4) |
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260 | (6) |
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266 | (2) |
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12.4 Data Science and Knowledge Engineering for COVID-19 |
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268 | (2) |
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12.5 Proposed Architecture and Its Implementation |
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270 | (8) |
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270 | (15) |
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270 | (1) |
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12.5.1.2 Understanding Class and Dependencies |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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12.5.1.6 Analysis of Real-Time Datasets |
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273 | (3) |
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12.5.1.7 Machine Learning Algorithms |
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276 | (2) |
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12.6 Conclusions and Future Work |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (5) |
13 Knowledge Engineering Challenges in Smart Healthcare Data Analysis System |
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285 | (24) |
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285 | (4) |
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287 | (2) |
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13.2 Ongoing Research on Intelligent Decision Support System |
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289 | (2) |
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13.3 Methodology and Architecture of the Intelligent Rule-Based System |
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291 | (4) |
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13.3.1 Proposed System Design |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (18) |
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13.3.2.1 Forward Chaining |
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293 | (1) |
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13.3.2.2 Backward Chaining |
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294 | (1) |
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13.4 Creating a Rule-Based System using Prolog |
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295 | (9) |
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13.5 Results and Discussions |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
14 Big Data in Healthcare: Management, Analysis, and Future Prospects |
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309 | (18) |
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309 | (1) |
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14.2 Breast Cancer: Overview |
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310 | (1) |
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14.3 State-of-the-Art Technology in Treatment of Cancer |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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14.4 Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: Overview |
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312 | (2) |
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14.4.1 Advantages and Risks Associated with the Early Detection of Breast Cancer |
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312 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Diagnosis the Breast Cancer |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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14.6 Machine Learning Algorithms |
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315 | (5) |
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14.6.1 Principal Component Analysis Algorithms |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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14.6.3 K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm |
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317 | (1) |
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14.6.4 Logistic Regression Algorithm |
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318 | (1) |
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14.6.5 Support Vector Machine Algorithm |
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318 | (1) |
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14.6.6 AdaBoost Algorithm |
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319 | (1) |
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14.6.7 Neural Networks Algorithm |
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319 | (1) |
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14.6.8 Random Forest Algorithm |
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319 | (1) |
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14.7 Result and Discussion |
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320 | (2) |
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14.7.1 Performance Metrics |
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320 | (11) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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14.7.1.3 Precision and Recall |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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14.8 Experimental Result and Discussion |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
15 Machine Learning for Information Extraction, Data Analysis and Predictions in the Healthcare System |
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327 | (18) |
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327 | (2) |
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15.2 Machine Learning in Healthcare |
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329 | (2) |
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15.3 Types of Learnings in Machine Learning |
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331 | (3) |
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15.3.1 Supervised Learning |
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332 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Unsupervised Algorithms |
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333 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Semi-Supervised Learning |
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334 | (1) |
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15.3.4 Reinforcement Learning |
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334 | (1) |
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15.4 Types of Machine Learning Algorithms |
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334 | (6) |
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335 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Bayes Classification |
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|
335 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Association Analysis |
|
|
335 | (1) |
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15.4.4 Correlation Analysis |
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|
336 | (1) |
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|
336 | (1) |
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|
336 | (1) |
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15.4.7 Regression Analysis |
|
|
337 | (1) |
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|
337 | (1) |
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|
337 | (1) |
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15.4.10 K Nearest Neighbor |
|
|
337 | (1) |
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|
338 | (1) |
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|
338 | (1) |
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15.4.13 Support Vector Machine |
|
|
338 | (1) |
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15.4.14 Classification and Regression Trees |
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|
339 | (1) |
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15.4.15 Linear Discriminant Analysis |
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|
339 | (1) |
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15.4.16 Logistic Regression |
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|
339 | (1) |
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15.4.17 Linear Regression |
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|
339 | (1) |
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15.4.18 Principal Component Analysis |
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|
339 | (1) |
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15.5 Machine Learning for Information Extraction |
|
|
340 | (1) |
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15.5.1 Natural Language Processing |
|
|
340 | (1) |
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15.6 Predictive Analysis in Healthcare |
|
|
341 | (1) |
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|
342 | (1) |
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|
342 | (3) |
16 Knowledge Fusion Patterns in Healthcare |
|
345 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
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|
348 | (1) |
|
16.3 Materials and Methods |
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|
349 | (3) |
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16.3.1 Classification of Data Fusion |
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|
349 | (2) |
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16.3.2 Levels and Its Working in Healthcare Ecosystems |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
16.3.2.1 Initial Level Data Access (ILA) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
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16.3.2.2 Middle Level Access (MLA) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
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16.3.2.3 High Level Access (HLA) |
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|
352 | (1) |
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|
352 | (3) |
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|
353 | (2) |
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|
355 | (1) |
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16.5 Results and Discussion |
|
|
355 | (6) |
|
16.6 Conclusion and Future Work |
|
|
361 | (1) |
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|
362 | (3) |
17 Commercial Platforms for Healthcare Analytics: Health Issues for Patients with Sickle Cells |
|
365 | (22) |
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|
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
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17.2 Materials and Methods |
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|
367 | (10) |
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17.2.1 Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
17.2.2 Sickle Cells Normalization Image |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
17.2.3 Gradient Calculation |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
17.2.4 Gradient Descent Step |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
17.2.5 Insight to Previous Methods Adopted in Convolutional Neural Networks |
|
|
372 | (1) |
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17.2.6 Segments of Convolutional Neural Networks |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
17.2.6.1 Convolutional Layer |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
17.2.6.3 Fully Connected Layer |
|
|
374 | (1) |
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|
374 | (1) |
|
17.2.7 Basic Transformations of Convolutional Neural Networks in Healthcare |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
17.2.8 Algorithm Review and Comparison |
|
|
376 | (1) |
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|
376 | (1) |
|
17.3 Results and Discussion |
|
|
377 | (6) |
|
17.3.1 Results on Suitability for Applications in Healthcare |
|
|
377 | (1) |
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|
377 | (1) |
|
17.3.3 The Model Sanity Checking |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
17.3.4 Analysis of the Epoch and Training Losses |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
17.3.5 Discussion and Healthcare Interpretations |
|
|
379 | (1) |
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|
379 | (1) |
|
17.3.7 Image Pre-Processing |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
17.3.8 Building and Training the Classifier |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
17.3.9 Saving the Checkpoint Suitable for Healthcare |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
17.3.10 Loading the Checkpoint |
|
|
383 | (1) |
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|
383 | (1) |
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|
383 | (4) |
18 New Trends and Applications of Big Data Analytics for Medical Science and Healthcare |
|
387 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
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|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
18.5 Fully Connected Layer |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
18.6 Recurrent Neural Network |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (5) |
|
18.8 Materials and Methods |
|
|
397 | (9) |
|
18.8.1 Pre-Processing Strategy Selection |
|
|
397 | (3) |
|
18.8.2 Feature Extraction and Classification |
|
|
400 | (6) |
|
18.9 Results and Discussions |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (4) |
Index |
|
413 | |