Part I Theory |
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The Essentials of Model Predictive Control |
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3 | (26) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (8) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (7) |
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3 Basics of Model Predictive Control (MPC) |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (6) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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7.5 Noise and Other Disturbances |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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Dynamic Programming, Optimal Control and Model Predictive Control |
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29 | (24) |
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29 | (1) |
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2 Setting, Definitions and Notation |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (5) |
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36 | (1) |
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4.2 No Terminal Conditions |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (11) |
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41 | (2) |
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5.2 No Terminal Conditions |
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43 | (8) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Set-Valued and Lyapunov Methods for MPC |
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53 | (22) |
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53 | (1) |
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2 Problem Statement and Assumptions |
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54 | (3) |
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2.1 Open Loop Optimal Control Problem |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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3 Properties of the Open Loop Optimal Control Problem |
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57 | (5) |
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3.1 Set-Valued Analysis Background |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 Parametric Optimization Background |
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58 | (2) |
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3.3 Existence and Structure of Optimal Solutions |
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60 | (2) |
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4 Asymptotic Stability and Related Issues |
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62 | (6) |
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4.1 Strong Positive Invariance (a.k.a. Recursive Feasibility) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.2 Strong Lyapunov Decrease (a.k.a. Cost Reduction) |
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64 | (1) |
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4.3 Strong Positive Invariance and Strong Asymptotic Stability |
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65 | (1) |
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4.4 Set-Valued Approach to Robustness of Asymptotic Stability |
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66 | (1) |
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4.5 Consistent Improvement |
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67 | (1) |
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5 Set-Valued Control Systems |
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68 | (4) |
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5.1 Weak Formulation of MPC |
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69 | (2) |
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5.2 Strong Formulation of MPC |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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Stochastic Model Predictive Control |
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75 | (24) |
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75 | (1) |
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2 Stochastic Optimal Control and MPC with Chance Constraints |
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76 | (2) |
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3 Scenario Tree-Based MPC |
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78 | (6) |
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3.1 Scenario-Tree Construction |
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79 | (2) |
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3.2 Scenario-Tree Stochastic Optimization Problem |
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81 | (1) |
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3.3 Extensions and Applications |
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82 | (2) |
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4 Polynomial Chaos-Based MPC |
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84 | (6) |
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4.1 System Model, Constraints, and Control Input Parameterization |
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84 | (1) |
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4.2 Generalized Polynomial Chaos for Uncertainty Propagation |
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85 | (3) |
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4.3 Moment-Based Surrogate for Joint Chance Constraint |
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88 | (1) |
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4.4 Sample-Free, Moment-Based SMPC Formulation |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (5) |
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5.1 System Model, Disturbance Model and Constraints |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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5.3 Theoretical Guarantees |
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93 | (1) |
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5.4 Mass-Spring-Damper Example |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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Moving Horizon Estimation |
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99 | (26) |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (4) |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (6) |
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122 | (3) |
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Probing and Duality in Stochastic Model Predictive Control |
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125 | (20) |
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125 | (1) |
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2 Stochastic Optimal Control and Duality |
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126 | (2) |
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2.1 The State, the Information State, and the Bayesian Filter |
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126 | (1) |
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2.2 Stochastic Optimal Control and the Information State |
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127 | (1) |
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2.3 Duality and the Source of Intractability |
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128 | (1) |
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3 Stochastic MPC and Deterministic MPC |
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128 | (1) |
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4 Stochastic Reconstructibility and Its Dependence on Control |
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129 | (4) |
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4.1 Linear Regression and the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound |
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130 | (1) |
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4.2 Conditional Entropy Measure of Reconstructibility |
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131 | (2) |
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5 Three Examples of Dualized Stochastic Control |
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133 | (6) |
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5.1 Internet Congestion Control in TCP/IP |
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133 | (1) |
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5.2 Equalization in Cellular Wireless |
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134 | (3) |
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5.3 Experiment Design in Linear Regression for MPC |
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137 | (2) |
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6 Tractable Compromise Dualized Stochastic MPC Algorithms |
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139 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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Economic Model Predictive Control: Some Design Tools and Analysis Techniques |
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145 | (24) |
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1 Model-Based Control and Optimization |
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145 | (3) |
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2 Formulation of Economic Model Predictive Control |
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148 | (3) |
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3 Properties of Economic MPC |
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151 | (10) |
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3.1 Recursive Feasibility |
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151 | (2) |
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3.2 Asymptotic Average Cost |
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153 | (3) |
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3.3 Stability of Economic MPC |
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156 | (4) |
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3.4 EMPC Without Terminal Ingredients |
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160 | (1) |
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4 EMPC with Constraints on Average |
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161 | (1) |
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5 Robust Economic Model Predictive Control |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
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Nonlinear Predictive Control for Trajectory Tracking and Path Following: An Introduction and Perspective |
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169 | (30) |
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1 Introduction and Motivation |
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170 | (3) |
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2 Setpoint Stabilization, Trajectory Tracking, Path Following, and Economic Objectives |
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173 | (4) |
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2.1 Setpoint Stabilization |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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3 A Brief Review of MPC for Setpoint Stabilization |
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177 | (4) |
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3.1 Comments on Convergence and Stability |
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179 | (1) |
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3.2 Setpoint Stabilization of a Lightweight Robot |
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180 | (1) |
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4 Model Predictive Control for Trajectory Tracking |
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181 | (2) |
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4.1 Convergence and Stability of Tracking NMPC |
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182 | (1) |
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4.2 Trajectory-Tracking Control of a Lightweight Robot |
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183 | (1) |
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5 Model Predictive Control for Path Following |
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183 | (9) |
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5.1 Convergence and Stability of Output Path-Following NMPC |
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185 | (1) |
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5.2 Path-Following Control of a Lightweight Robot |
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186 | (5) |
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5.3 Extensions of Path Following |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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6.1 Convergence and Stability of Economic MPC |
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193 | (1) |
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7 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (4) |
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Hybrid Model Predictive Control |
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199 | (22) |
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199 | (1) |
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2 Hybrid Model Predictive Control |
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200 | (15) |
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2.1 Discrete-Time MPC for Discrete-Time Systems with Discontinuous Right-Hand Sides |
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201 | (2) |
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2.2 Discrete-Time MPC for Discrete-Time Systems with Mixed States |
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203 | (1) |
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2.3 Discrete-Time MPC for Discrete-Time Systems Using Memory and Logic Variables |
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204 | (4) |
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2.4 Periodic Continuous-Discrete MPC for Continuous-Time Systems |
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208 | (3) |
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2.5 Periodic Continuous-Time MPC for Continuous-Time Systems Combined with Local Static State-Feedback Controllers |
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211 | (1) |
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2.6 Periodic Discrete-Time MPC for Continuous-Time Linear Systems with Impulses |
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212 | (3) |
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3 Towards MPC for Hybrid Dynamical Systems |
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215 | (3) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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Model Predictive Control of Polynomial Systems |
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221 | (18) |
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221 | (1) |
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2 Model Predictive Control of Discrete-Time Polynomial Systems |
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222 | (2) |
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3 Polynomial Optimization Methods |
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224 | (3) |
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3.1 Sum-of-Squares Decomposition |
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225 | (1) |
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3.2 Dual Approach via SOS Decomposition |
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225 | (2) |
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4 Fast Solution Methods for Polynomial MPC |
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227 | (3) |
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4.1 Convex MPC for a Subclass of Polynomial Systems |
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227 | (1) |
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4.2 Explicit MPC Using Algebraic Geometry Methods |
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228 | (2) |
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5 Taylor Series Approximations for Non-polynomial Systems |
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230 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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6 Outlook for Future Research |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (4) |
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Distributed MPC for Large-Scale Systems |
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239 | (20) |
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1 Introduction and Motivations |
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239 | (2) |
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2 Model and Control Problem Decomposition |
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241 | (6) |
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241 | (3) |
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2.2 Partition Properties and Control |
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244 | (1) |
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2.3 MPC Problem Separability |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (7) |
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248 | (2) |
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4.2 Non-cooperating Robustness-Based DMPC |
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250 | (2) |
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4.3 Distributed Control of Independent Systems |
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252 | (1) |
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4.4 Distributed Optimization |
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253 | (2) |
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5 Extensions and Applications |
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255 | (1) |
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6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (28) |
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Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate |
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1 Introduction and Motivations |
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259 | (1) |
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2 Scalable and Plug-and-Play Design |
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260 | (3) |
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3 Concepts Enabling Scalable Design for Constrained Systems |
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263 | (5) |
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3.1 Tube-Based Small-Gain Conditions for Networks |
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263 | (3) |
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3.2 Distributed Invariance |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (6) |
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4.1 PnP-MPC Based on Robustness Against Coupling |
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268 | (3) |
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4.2 PnP-MPC Based on Distributed Invariance |
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271 | (3) |
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5 Generalizations and Related Approaches |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (4) |
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6.1 Frequency Control in Power Networks |
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276 | (2) |
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6.2 Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grids |
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278 | (2) |
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7 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (6) |
Part II Computations |
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Efficient Convex Optimization for Linear MPC |
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287 | (18) |
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287 | (1) |
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2 Formulating and Solving LQR |
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288 | (1) |
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3 Convex Quadratic Programming |
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289 | (3) |
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4 Linear MPC Formulations and Interior-Point Implementation |
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292 | (5) |
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4.1 Linear MPC Formulations |
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292 | (2) |
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4.2 KKT Conditions and Efficient Interior-Point Implementation |
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294 | (3) |
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5 Parametrized Convex Quadratic Programming |
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297 | (5) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (3) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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Implicit Non-convex Model Predictive Control |
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305 | (30) |
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305 | (2) |
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2 Parametric Nonlinear Programming |
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307 | (1) |
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3 Solution Approaches to Nonlinear Programming |
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308 | (3) |
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309 | (1) |
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3.2 Interior-Point Methods |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (4) |
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4.1 Single Shooting Methods |
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312 | (1) |
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4.2 Multiple Shooting Methods |
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313 | (1) |
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4.3 Direct Collocation Methods |
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314 | (1) |
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5 Predictors & Path-Following |
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315 | (10) |
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317 | (2) |
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5.2 Path Following Methods |
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319 | (2) |
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5.3 Real-Time Dilemma: Should We Converge the Solutions? |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (1) |
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5.5 Convergence of Path-Following Methods |
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324 | (1) |
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6 Sensitivities & Hessian Approximation |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (5) |
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Convexification and Real-Time Optimization for MPC with Aerospace Applications |
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335 | (24) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (15) |
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2.1 Lossless Convexification of Control Constraints |
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338 | (7) |
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2.2 Successive Convexification |
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345 | (7) |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
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Explicit (Offline) Optimization for MPC |
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359 | (28) |
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|
|
Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos |
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359 | (4) |
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1.1 From State-Space Models to Multi-Parametric Programming |
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359 | (4) |
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1.2 When Discrete Elements Occur |
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363 | (1) |
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2 Multi-Parametric Linear and Quadratic Programming: An Overview |
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363 | (10) |
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2.1 Theoretical Properties |
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364 | (3) |
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367 | (2) |
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2.3 Solution Algorithms for mp-LP and mp-QP Problems |
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369 | (4) |
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3 Multi-Parametric Mixed-Integer Linear and Quadratic Programming: An Overview |
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373 | (6) |
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3.1 Theoretical Properties |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (2) |
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3.3 The Decomposition Algorithm |
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377 | (2) |
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4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks |
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379 | (3) |
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4.1 Size of Multi-Parametric Programming Problem and Offline Computational Effort |
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379 | (1) |
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4.2 Size of the Solution and Online Computational Effort |
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380 | (1) |
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4.3 Other Developments in Explicit MPC |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (5) |
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Real-Time Implementation of Explicit Model Predictive Control |
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387 | (26) |
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1 Simplification of MPC Feedback Laws |
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387 | (4) |
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387 | (2) |
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1.2 Complexity of Explicit MPC |
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389 | (1) |
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1.3 Problem Statement and Main Results |
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390 | (1) |
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2 Piecewise Affine Explicit MPC Controllers of Reduced Complexity |
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391 | (9) |
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2.1 Clipping-Based Explicit MPC |
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391 | (3) |
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2.2 Regionless Explicit MPC |
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394 | (3) |
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2.3 Piecewise Affine Approximation of Explicit MPC |
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397 | (3) |
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3 Approximation of MPC Feedback Laws for Nonlinear Systems |
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400 | (10) |
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400 | (1) |
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3.2 A QP-Based MPC Controller |
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401 | (1) |
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3.3 Stability Verification |
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402 | (3) |
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3.4 Closed-Loop Performance |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (3) |
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Robust Optimization for MPC |
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413 | (32) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (4) |
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2.1 Inf-Sup Feedback Model Predictive Control |
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415 | (1) |
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2.2 Set-Based Robust Model Predictive Control |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (1) |
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3 Convex Approximations for Robust MPC |
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418 | (5) |
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3.1 Ellipsoidal Approximation Using LMIs |
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419 | (2) |
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3.2 Affine Disturbance Feedback |
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421 | (2) |
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4 Generic Methods for Robust MPC |
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423 | (5) |
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4.1 Inf-Sup Dynamic Programming |
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424 | (2) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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5 Numerical Methods for Tube MPC |
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428 | (5) |
|
5.1 Feedback Parametrization |
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428 | (1) |
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5.2 Affine Set-Parametrizations |
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429 | (2) |
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5.3 Tube MPC Parametrization |
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|
431 | |
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5.4 Tube MPC Via Min-Max Differential Inequalities |
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411 | (22) |
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6 Numerical Aspects: Modern Set-Valued Computing |
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433 | (6) |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (2) |
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6.3 Set-Valued Integrators |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (5) |
|
Scenario Optimization for MPC |
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445 | (20) |
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445 | (1) |
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2 Stochastic MPC and the Use of the Scenario Approach |
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446 | (2) |
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3 Fundamentals of Scenario Optimization |
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448 | (3) |
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4 The Scenario Approach for Solving Stochastic MPC |
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451 | (5) |
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456 | (4) |
|
6 Extensions and Future Work |
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|
460 | (1) |
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461 | (4) |
|
Nonlinear Programming Formulations for Nonlinear and Economic Model Predictive Control |
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465 | (28) |
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465 | (2) |
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1.1 NLP Strategies for NMPC |
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466 | (1) |
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2 Properties of the NLP Subproblem |
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|
467 | (3) |
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2.1 NMPC Problem Reformulation |
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|
469 | (1) |
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3 Nominal and ISS Stability of NMPC |
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470 | (2) |
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4 Economic NMPC with Objective Regularization |
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472 | (9) |
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4.1 Regularization of Non-convex Economic Stage Costs |
|
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474 | (1) |
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4.2 Economic NMPC with Regularization of Reduced States |
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475 | (6) |
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5 Economic MPC with a Stabilizing Constraint |
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|
481 | (1) |
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482 | (5) |
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482 | (2) |
|
6.2 Large-Scale Distillation System |
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484 | (3) |
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487 | (1) |
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|
487 | (6) |
Part III Applications |
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|
Automotive Applications of Model Predictive Control |
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493 | (36) |
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|
1 Model Predictive Control in Automotive Applications |
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|
493 | (5) |
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494 | (1) |
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1.2 Opportunities and Challenges |
|
|
495 | (3) |
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|
498 | (1) |
|
2 MPC for Powertrain Control, Vehicle Dynamics, and Energy Management |
|
|
498 | (13) |
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|
498 | (6) |
|
2.2 Control of Vehicle Dynamics |
|
|
504 | (4) |
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2.3 Energy Management in Hybrid Vehicles |
|
|
508 | (3) |
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|
511 | (1) |
|
3 MPC Design Process in Automotive Applications |
|
|
511 | (7) |
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|
512 | (3) |
|
3.2 Horizon and Constraints |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
3.3 Cost Function, Terminal Set and Soft Constraints |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
4 Computations and Numerical Algorithms |
|
|
518 | (5) |
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519 | (2) |
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|
521 | (1) |
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|
522 | (1) |
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5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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|
523 | (1) |
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|
523 | (6) |
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Applications of MPC in the Area of Health Care |
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|
529 | (22) |
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529 | (1) |
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2 Is MPC Relevant to Health Problems? |
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530 | (1) |
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3 Special Characteristics of Control Problems in the Area of Health |
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530 | (2) |
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531 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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3.4 Population Versus Personalised Models |
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532 | (1) |
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4 Specific Examples Where MPC Has Been Used in the Area of Health |
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532 | (11) |
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532 | (2) |
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534 | (1) |
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4.3 Type 1 Diabetes-Treatment |
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535 | (2) |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (2) |
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540 | (2) |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (1) |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (6) |
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Model Predictive Control for Power Electronics Applications |
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551 | (30) |
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551 | (2) |
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553 | (5) |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (2) |
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2.3 Moving Horizon Optimization |
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556 | (1) |
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557 | (1) |
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3 Linear Quadratic MPC for Converters with a Modulator |
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558 | (3) |
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4 Linear Quadratic Finite Control Set MPC |
|
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561 | (9) |
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562 | (2) |
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4.2 Design for Stability and Performance |
|
|
564 | (2) |
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4.3 Example: Reference Tracking |
|
|
566 | (4) |
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5 An Efficient Algorithm for Finite-Control Set MPC |
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570 | (7) |
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5.1 Modified Sphere Decoding Algorithm |
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571 | (3) |
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5.2 Simulation Study of FCS-MPC |
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574 | (3) |
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577 | (1) |
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578 | (3) |
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Learning-Based Fast Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Custom-Made 3D Printed Ground and Aerial Robots |
|
|
581 | (26) |
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581 | (2) |
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2 Receding Horizon Control and Estimation Methods |
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583 | (3) |
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2.1 Nonlinear Model Predictive Control |
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583 | (1) |
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2.2 Nonlinear Moving Horizon Estimation |
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584 | (2) |
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586 | (17) |
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3.1 Ultra-Compact Field Robot |
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|
586 | (6) |
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3.2 Tilt-Rotor Tricopter UAV |
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592 | (11) |
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603 | (1) |
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604 | (3) |
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Applications of MPC to Building HVAC Systems |
|
|
607 | (18) |
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1 Introduction to Building HVAC Systems |
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607 | (2) |
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609 | (2) |
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610 | (1) |
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3 Challenges and Opportunities |
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611 | (3) |
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611 | (1) |
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612 | (1) |
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613 | (1) |
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3.4 Large-Scale Applications |
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613 | (1) |
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614 | (1) |
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614 | (2) |
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614 | (1) |
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615 | (1) |
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615 | (1) |
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616 | (1) |
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616 | (2) |
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6 Stanford University Campus |
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618 | (2) |
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618 | (1) |
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619 | (1) |
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620 | (1) |
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620 | (2) |
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622 | (3) |
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Toward Multi-Layered MPC for Complex Electric Energy Systems |
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625 | (40) |
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625 | (1) |
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2 Temporal and Spatial Complexities in the Changing Electric Power Industry |
|
|
626 | (2) |
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3 Load Characterization: The Main Cause of Inter-Temporal Dependencies and Spatial Interdependencies |
|
|
628 | (5) |
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3.1 Multi-Temporal Load Decomposition |
|
|
631 | (1) |
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3.2 Inflexible Load Modeling |
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|
631 | (2) |
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4 Hierarchical Control in Today's Electric Power Systems |
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|
633 | (5) |
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4.1 Main Objectives of Hierarchical Control |
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633 | (2) |
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4.2 General Formulation of Main Objectives |
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|
635 | (1) |
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4.3 Unified Modeling Framework |
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636 | (1) |
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4.4 Assumptions and Limitations Rooted in Today's Hierarchical Control |
|
|
637 | (1) |
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5 Need for Interactive Multi-Layered MPC in Changing Industry |
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638 | (2) |
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639 | (1) |
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|
639 | (1) |
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6 Temporal Lifting for Decision Making with Multi-Rate Disturbances |
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|
640 | (4) |
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6.1 Nested Temporal Lifting |
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|
641 | (3) |
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7 Spatial Lifting for Multi-Agent Decision Making |
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|
644 | (4) |
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7.1 Nested Spatial Lifting |
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|
645 | (3) |
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|
648 | (2) |
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9 Framework for Implementing Interactive Multi-Spatial Multi-Temporal MPC: DyMonDS |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
10 Application of the DyMonDS Framework: One Day in a Lifetime of Two Bus Power System |
|
|
652 | (8) |
|
10.1 Example 1: MPC for Utilizing Heterogeneous Generation Resources |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
10.2 Example 2: MPC Spatial and Temporal Lifting in Microgrids to Support Efficient Participation of Flexible Demand |
|
|
653 | (2) |
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10.3 Example 3: The Role of MPC in Reducing the Need for Fast Storage While Enabling Stable Feedback Response |
|
|
655 | (3) |
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10.4 Example 4: The Role of MPC Spatial Lifting in Normal Operation Automatic Generation Control (AGC) |
|
|
658 | (2) |
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|
660 | (1) |
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|
660 | (5) |
|
Applications of MPC to Finance |
|
|
665 | (22) |
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|
665 | (3) |
|
1.1 Portfolio Optimization |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
1.2 Dynamic Option Hedging |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
1.3 Organization of Chapter |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
2 Modeling of Account Value Dynamics |
|
|
668 | (3) |
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|
670 | (1) |
|
2.2 Control Structure of Trading Algorithms |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
3 Portfolio Optimization Problems |
|
|
671 | (6) |
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|
673 | (4) |
|
4 MPC in Dynamic Option Hedging |
|
|
677 | (6) |
|
4.1 European Call Option Hedging |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
4.2 Option Replication as a Control Problem |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
4.3 MPC Option Hedging Formulations |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
4.4 Additional Considerations in Option Hedging |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (4) |
Index |
|
687 | |