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E-raamat: Handbook of Nonresponse in Household Surveys

(Statistics Netherlands), (Statistics Netherlands), (Statistics Netherlands)
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As one would guess, lack of response in household surveys is a problem for the companies collecting data. But its also a statistical problem because it affects the sample selection. The authors offer a guide to dealing with the nonresponse problem and outline statistical methods for improving response rates and correcting response data. Topics include basic theoretical concepts, nonresponse and the mode of data collection, nonresponse analysis, an international comparison, weighting adjustment techniques, selection of auxiliary variables, re-approaching nonrespondents, adaptive survey designs, and a group of miscellaneous topics. The book would be a useful reference for survey researchers in a variety of fields, as well as for academic coursework at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is uniformly formatted and while technical, is clearly written. Authors are Bethlehem (U. of Amsterdam and survey methodologist, Statistics Netherlands), Cobben (project manager, Statistics Netherlands), and Schouten (survey methodologist, Statistics Netherlands). Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com) A comprehensive, one-stop guide to identifying, reducing, and managing nonresponse in household surveysNonresponse and its impact on the sample selection mechanism of a survey is a common problem that often arises while collecting survey data. Handbook of Nonresponse in Household Surveys is a complete guide to handling the nonresponse problem, outlining statistical methods and techniques for improving response rates and correcting response data.The authors begin with an introduction to the nonresponse problem along with basic concepts and definitions. Subsequent chapters present current theories and methods that enable survey researchers to skillfully account for nonresponse in their research. Exploring the latest developments in the field, the book also features:An introduction to the R-indicator as an indicator of survey qualityDiscussion of the different causes of nonresponseExtensive treatment of the selection and use of auxiliary informationBest practices for re-approaching nonrespondentsAn overview of advanced nonresponse correction techniquesCoverage of adaptive survey designThroughout the book, the treatment of each topic is presented in a uniform fashion. Following an introduction, each chapter presents the key theories and formulas underlying the topic and then illustrates common applications. Discussion concludes with a summary of the main concepts as well as a glossary of key terms and a set of exercises that allows readers to test their comprehension of the presented material. Examples using real survey data are provided, and a related website features additional data sets, which can be easily analyzed using Stata® or SPSS® software.Handbook of Nonresponse in Household Surveys is an essential reference for survey researchers working in the fields of business, economics, government, and the social sciences who gather, analyze, and draw results from data. It is also a suitable supplement for courses on survey methods at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels.
Preface xi
Chapter 1 The Nonresponse Problem 1(25)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Theory
3(14)
1.2.1 Causes and Effect of Nonresponse
3(4)
1.2.2 Errors in Surveys
7(2)
1.2.3 Nonresponse and Undercoverage
9(2)
1.2.4 Response Rates
11(5)
1.2.5 Representativity
16(1)
1.3 Application
17(4)
1.4 Summary
21(1)
1.5 Key Terms
21(1)
1.6 References
22(1)
1.7 Exercises
23(3)
Chapter 2 Basic Theoretical Concepts 26(37)
2.1 Introduction
26(1)
2.2 Theory
27(25)
2.2.1 Basic Concepts of Sampling
27(4)
2.2.2 Basic Concepts of Estimation
31(9)
2.2.3 The Fixed Response Model
40(3)
2.2.4 The Random Response Model
43(2)
2.2.5 The Effect of Nonresponse on the Confidence Interval
45(3)
2.2.6 Missing Data Mechanisms
48(4)
2.3 Application
52(5)
2.3.1 The Fixed Response Model
52(1)
2.3.2 The Random Response Model
53(4)
2.4 Summary
57(1)
2.5 Key Terms
58(1)
2.6 References
59(1)
2.7 Exercises
60(3)
Chapter 3 Reducing Nonresponse 63(21)
3.1 Introduction
63(1)
3.2 Theory
64(5)
3.2.1 Introduction
64(2)
3.2.2 Influences of Sociodemographic and Survey Design Features
66(1)
3.2.3 Respondent—Interviewer Interaction
67(2)
3.2.4 Tailoring and Maintaining Interaction
69(1)
3.3 Application
69(10)
3.3.1 Introduction
69(1)
3.3.2 Language Problems
70(1)
3.3.3 Noncontact
70(3)
3.3.4 Refusals
73(6)
3.4 Summary
79(1)
3.5 Key Terms
80(1)
3.6 References
81(1)
3.7 Exercises
82(2)
Chapter 4 Nonresponse And The Mode Of Data Collection 84(38)
4.1 Introduction
84(9)
4.1.1 The Early History
84(1)
4.1.2 The Rise of Sampling
85(3)
4.1.3 The Impact of Computer Technology
88(5)
4.2 Theory
93(20)
4.2.1 Face-to-Face Surveys
93(2)
4.2.2 Telephone Surveys
95(3)
4.2.3 Mail Surveys
98(2)
4.2.4 Web Surveys
100(5)
4.2.5 Mixed Mode Surveys
105(8)
4.3 Application
113(2)
4.4 Summary
115(1)
4.5 Key Terms
116(1)
4.6 References
117(3)
4.7 Exercises
120(2)
Chapter 5 Analysis Of Nonresponse 122(25)
5.1 Introduction
122(1)
5.2 Theory
122(5)
5.2.1 How to Detect a Bias?
122(2)
5.2.2 Where to Find Auxiliary Variables?
124(1)
5.2.3 Methods of Analysis
125(2)
5.3 Application
127(16)
5.3.1 Bivariate Analysis
127(11)
5.3.2 Multivariate Analysis
138(5)
5.4 Summary
143(1)
5.5 Key Terms
144(1)
5.6 References
145(1)
5.7 Exercises
145(2)
Chapter 6 An International Comparison Of Nonresponse 147(31)
6.1 Introduction
147(3)
6.2 Theory
150(10)
6.2.1 Correspondence Analysis
150(8)
6.2.2 Multinomial Multilevel Modeling
158(2)
6.3 Application
160(13)
6.4 Summary
173(1)
6.5 Key Terms
174(1)
6.6 References
175(1)
6.7 Exercises
175(3)
Chapter 7 Nonresponse And Representativity 178(31)
7.1 Introduction
178(1)
7.2 Theory
179(19)
7.2.1 What Is Representative Response?
179(5)
7.2.2 Indicators for Representative Response
184(1)
7.2.3 Worst-Case Nonresponse Bias
185(4)
7.2.4 Partial Indicators for Representative Response
189(5)
7.2.5 How to Use R-Indicators?
194(4)
7.3 Application
198(6)
7.3.1 R-Indicators
198(3)
7.3.2 Partial R-Indicators
201(3)
7.4 Summary
204(1)
7.5 Key Terms
205(1)
7.6 References
206(1)
7.7 Exercises
207(2)
Chapter 8 Weighting Adjustment Techniques 209(38)
8.1 Introduction
109(104)
8.2 Post-stratification
213(8)
8.2.1 Theory
213(5)
8.2.2 Application
218(3)
8.3 Linear Weighting
221(10)
8.3.1 Theory
111(119)
8.3.2 Application
230(1)
8.4 Multiplicative Weighting
231(5)
8.4.1 Theory
231(3)
8.4.2 Application
234(2)
8.5 Other Weighting Issues
236(4)
8.5.1 Calibration Estimation
236(1)
8.5.2 Constraining the Values of Weights
237(1)
8.5.3 Consistent Person and Household Weights
238(2)
8.6 Summary
240(1)
8.7 Key Terms
241(1)
8.8 References
242(1)
8.9 Exercises
243(4)
Chapter 9 Selection Of Auxiliary Variables 247(42)
9.1 Introduction
247(1)
9.2 Theory
248(23)
9.2.1 The Auxiliary Variable Selection Problem
248(5)
9.2.2 The Construction of Auxiliary Variables
253(4)
9.2.3 Linked Data and Population Totals
257(4)
9.2.4 Variable Selection Strategies
261(10)
9.3 Application
271(13)
9.3.1 Modeling Nonresponse
271(3)
9.3.2 Modeling Survey Target Variables
274(4)
9.3.3 Combining Models for Nonresponse and Target Variables
278(1)
9.3.4 Selection Based on Variance of Calibration Weights
278(2)
9.3.5 Selection Based on Worst-Case Nonresponse Bias
280(4)
9.3.6 A Comparision of the Various Selection Strategies
284(1)
9.4 Summary
284(1)
9.5 Key Terms
285(1)
9.6 References
286(1)
9.7 Exercises
287(2)
Chapter 10 Re-Approaching Nonrespondents 289(38)
10.1 Introduction
289(3)
10.2 Theory
292(11)
10.2.1 The Callback Approach
292(3)
10.2.2 The Basic-Question Approach
295(4)
10.2.3 The Politz and Simmons Approach
299(4)
10.3 Application
303(19)
10.3.1 Design of the Study
303(5)
10.3.2 Analysis of Response in the LFS and the Re-Approaches
308(13)
10.3.3 Conclusions
321(1)
10.4 Summary
322(1)
10.5 Key Terms
323(1)
10.6 References
323(2)
10.7 Exercises
325(2)
Chapter 11 The Use Of Response Propensities 327(26)
11.1 Introduction
327(1)
11.2 Theory
328(8)
11.2.1 The Response Propensity
328(1)
11.2.2 Traditional Nonresponse Adjustment Methods
329(3)
11.2.3 Nonresponse Adjustment Methods Based on the Response Propensity
332(4)
11.3 Application
336(12)
11.3.1 Estimating Response Propensities
337(3)
11.3.2 Balancing Property
340(5)
11.3.3 Application to GPS Data
345(3)
11.4 Summary
348(1)
11.5 Key Terms
349(1)
11.6 References
350(1)
11.7 Exercises
351(2)
Chapter 12 Analysis And Adjustment Accounting For The Cause Of Nonresponse 353(42)
12.1 Introduction
353(4)
12.2 Theory
357(17)
12.2.1 Methods for Nonresponse Analysis
357(7)
12.2.2 Alternative Methods for Nonresponse Adjustment
364(10)
12.3 Application
374(15)
12.3.1 Nonresponse Analysis with Different Types of Response
374(11)
12.3.2 A Sequential Weight Adjustment for Nonresponse
385(2)
12.3.3 Sample Selection Model to Adjust for Nonresponse
387(2)
12.4 Summary
389(1)
12.5 Key Terms
390(1)
12.6 References
391(2)
12.7 Exercises
393(2)
Chapter 13 Adaptive Survey Designs 395(23)
13.1 Introduction
395(2)
13.2 Theory
397(14)
13.2.1 What are Adaptive Survey Designs?
397(4)
13.2.2 Survey Strategies and Survey Design Features
401(2)
13.2.3 Quality Objective Functions
403(4)
13.2.4 Cost Functions
407(3)
13.2.5 Estimating Response Probabilities
410(1)
13.3 Application
411(2)
13.4 Summary
413(1)
13.5 Key Terms
414(1)
13.6 References
415(1)
13.7 Exercises
416(2)
Chapter 14 Item Nonresponse 418(25)
14.1 Introduction
418(2)
14.2 Theory
420(15)
14.2.1 Single Imputation Techniques
421(4)
14.2.2 A General Imputation Model
425(2)
14.2.3 Properties of Single Imputation
427(1)
14.2.4 Effects of Imputation of the Mean on Bias and Variance
428(3)
14.2.5 Effects of Random Imputation
431(1)
14.2.6 EM Imputation
432(1)
14.2.7 Multiple Imputation
433(2)
14.3 Application
435(2)
14.4 Summary
437(1)
14.5 Key Terms
438(1)
14.6 References
439(1)
14.7 Exercises
439(4)
Chapter 15 Miscellaneous Topics 443(26)
15.1 Introduction
443(1)
15.2 Theory
444(19)
15.2.1 Combined Treatment of Unit and Item Nonresponse
444(5)
15.2.2 Nonresponse in Longitudinal Studies
449(5)
15.2.3 Paradata
454(3)
15.2.4 Consistency Between Survey Statistics
457(6)
15.3 Summary
463(2)
15.4 Key Terms
465(1)
15.5 References
466(1)
15.6 Exercises
467(2)
Index 469
Jelke Bethlehem, PhD, is Senior Survey Methodologist in the Division of Methodology and Quality at Statistics Netherlands and Professor at the University of Amsterdam. His current research interests include web surveys, computer-assisted survey information collection, graphical techniques in statistics, and the development of user-friendly software for statistical analysis. Dr. Bethlehem is the author of Applied Survey Methods: A Statistical Perspective and coeditor of Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection, both published by Wiley.

Fannie Cobben, PhD, is Project Manager at Statistics Netherlands, focusing on the redesign of household surveys. She has written several published papers on the topics of nonresponse, representativity, and adjustment methods in survey research.

Barry Schouten, PhD, is Senior Methodologist in the Division of Methodology and Quality at Statistics Netherlands. Dr. Schouten's areas of research interest include nonresponse and response bias in mixed-mode surveys, indicators for representativeness of response, and adaptive and responsive survey designs.