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E-raamat: Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors

Edited by (Former Director of Research Collaborations at NuScale Power LLC, Oak Ridge, TN, USA), Edited by (Former Chief Scientist for Research & Technology at Westinghouse Electric Co., Pittsburgh, PA, USA)
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Small modular reactors (SMRs) are an advanced, safe type of nuclear reactor technology that are suitable for small and medium sized applications including both power and heat generation. In particular, their use as individual units or in combination to scale-up capacity offer benefits in terms of siting, installation, operation, lifecycle and economics in comparison to the development of larger nuclear plant for centralised electricity power grids. Interest has increased in the research and development of SMRs for both developing countries as well as such additional cogeneration options as industrial/chemical process heat, desalination and district heating, and hydrogen production. This book reviews key issues in their development as well as international R&D in the field.
  • Gives an overview of small modular reactor technology
  • Reviews the design characteristics of integral pressurized water reactors and focuses on reactor core and fuel technologies, key reactor system components, instrumentation and control, human-system interfaces and safety
  • Considers the economics, financing, licensing, construction methods and hybrid energy systems of small modular reactors
  • Describes SMR development activities worldwide, and concludes with a discussion of how SMR deployment can contribute to the growth of developing countries

Muu info

This book provides a comprehensive review of the design characteristics of small modular reactors and the development and deployment of this emerging trend in nuclear power.
List of contributors xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xv
Preface xix
Part One Fundamentals of small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) 1(76)
1 Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: an introduction
3(24)
N. Todreas
1.1 Introduction
3(4)
1.2 Incentives and challenges for achieving commercial deployment success
7(4)
1.3 Overview of different types of small modular reactors (SMRs)
11(7)
1.4 Public health and safety
18(5)
1.5 The current status of SMRs
23(1)
1.6 Future trends
23(1)
1.7 Conclusion
24(1)
1.8 Sources of further information and advice
24(1)
References
24(1)
Appendix: nomenclature
25(2)
2 Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: international developments
27(34)
D.T. Ingersoll
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Light-water-cooled reactors
28(15)
2.3 Heavy-water-cooled reactors
43(3)
2.4 Gas-cooled reactors
46(5)
2.5 Liquid-metal-cooled reactors
51(5)
2.6 Future trends
56(2)
2.7 Sources of further information and advice
58(1)
References
59(2)
3 Integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs) for producing nuclear energy: a new paradigm
61(16)
M.D. Carelli
3.1 Introduction
61(1)
3.2 The imperatives for nuclear power
62(2)
3.3 The integral pressurized-water reactor (iPWR)
64(2)
3.4 Addressing the safety imperative
66(5)
3.5 Satisfying the economic competitiveness imperative
71(2)
3.6 Future trends
73(1)
3.7 Conclusion
74(1)
3.8 Sources of further information and advice
75(1)
References
75(2)
Part Two Small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) technologies 77(160)
4 Core and fuel technologies in integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs)
79(24)
A. Worrall
4.1 Introduction
79(1)
4.2 Safety design criteria
80(5)
4.3 Design features to achieve the criteria
85(9)
4.4 Integral pressurized-water reactor (iPWR) design specifics
94(7)
4.5 Conclusion
101(1)
References
102(1)
5 Key reactor system components in integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs)
103(20)
R.J. Belles
5.1 Introduction
103(1)
5.2 Integral components
104(12)
5.3 Connected system components
116(4)
5.4 Future trends
120(1)
5.5 Sources of further information and advice
121(1)
References
121(2)
6 Instrumentation and control technologies for small modular reactors (SMRs)
123(26)
D. Cummins
6.1 Introduction
123(2)
6.2 Safety system instrumentation and controls (I&C)
125(9)
6.3 Nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) control systems instrumentation
134(3)
6.4 Balance of plant (BOP) instrumentation
137(1)
6.5 Diagnostics and prognostics
138(1)
6.6 Processing electronics
139(2)
6.7 Cabling
141(1)
6.8 Future trends and challenges
142(3)
6.9 Conclusion
145(1)
References
145(4)
7 Human-system interfaces (HSIs) in small modular reactors (SMRs)
149(42)
J. Hugo
7.1 Introduction
149(3)
7.2 Human-system interfaces (HSIs) for new nuclear power plants (NPPs)
152(1)
7.3 The state of HSI technology in existing NPPs
153(2)
7.4 Purpose and objectives of advanced HSIs and human-factor challenges
155(3)
7.5 Differences in the treatment of HSIs in the nuclear industry and other industries
158(1)
7.6 How to identify and select advanced HSIs: five dimensions
159(5)
7.7 Operational domains of HSIs
164(5)
7.8 HSI technology classification
169(6)
7.9 HSI architecture and functions
175(1)
7.10 Implementation and design strategies
176(7)
7.11 Future trends
183(4)
7.12 Conclusion
187(1)
7.13 Sources of further information and advice
187(1)
References
188(3)
8 Safety of integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs)
191(28)
B. Petrovic
8.1 Introduction
191(1)
8.2 Approaches to safety: active, passive, inherent safety and safety-by-design
192(8)
8.3 Testing of small modular reactor (SMR) components and systems
200(7)
8.4 Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA)/probabilistic safety assessment (PSA)
207(6)
8.5 Security as it relates to safety
213(1)
8.6 Future trends
214(1)
References
215(4)
9 Proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP) in small modular reactors (SMRs)
219(18)
R.A. Bari
9.1 Introduction
219(5)
9.2 Methods of analysis
224(1)
9.3 System response and outcomes
225(3)
9.4 Steps in the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) evaluation process
228(3)
9.5 Lessons learned from performing proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP)
231(3)
9.6 Future trends
234(1)
9.7 Sources of further information and advice
235(1)
References
236(1)
Part Three Implementation and applications 237(114)
10 Economics and financing of small modular reactors (SMRs)
239(40)
S. Boarin
M. Mancini
M. Ricotti
G. Locatelli
10.1 Introduction
239(4)
10.2 Investment and risk factors
243(7)
10.3 Capital costs and economy of scale
250(5)
10.4 Capital costs and multiple units
255(4)
10.5 Capital costs and size-specific factors
259(2)
10.6 Competitiveness of multiple small modular reactors (SMRs) versus large reactors
261(7)
10.7 Competitiveness of SMRs versus other generation technologies
268(2)
10.8 External factors
270(2)
10.9 Future trends
272(1)
10.10 Sources of further information and advice
272(2)
References
274(5)
11 Licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs)
279(14)
R.L. Black
11.1 Introduction
279(1)
11.2 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs): an example
280(7)
11.3 Industry codes and standards to support SMR licensing
287(2)
11.4 International strategy and framework for SMR licensing
289(2)
11.5 Conclusion
291(1)
References
292(1)
12 Construction methods for small modular reactors (SMRs)
293(26)
N. Town
S. Lawler
12.1 Introduction
293(3)
12.2 Options for manufacturing
296(7)
12.3 Component fabrication
303(8)
12.4 Advanced joining techniques
311(2)
12.5 Supply chain implications
313(3)
12.6 Conclusion
316(1)
Reference
317(2)
13 Hybrid energy systems (HESs) using small modular reactors (SMRs)
319(32)
S. Bragg-Sitton
13.1 Introduction
319(5)
13.2 Principles of hybrid energy systems (HESs)
324(2)
13.3 Evaluating the merit of proposed hybrid system architectures
326(5)
13.4 The when, why and how of SMR hybridization
331(6)
13.5 Coupling reactor thermal output to non-electric applications
337(7)
13.6 Future trends
344(3)
13.7 Sources of further information
347(1)
Acknowledgements
348(1)
References
348(3)
Part Four International R&D and deployment 351(150)
14 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of the USA
353(26)
G.T. Mays
14.1 Introduction
353(1)
14.2 US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) small modular reactor (SMR) R&D program
354(2)
14.3 Principal R&D areas of the DOE-NE Advanced Reactor Technology (ART) program
356(14)
14.4 DOE-NE Nuclear Energy University Program (NEUP) A-SMR related R&D
370(1)
14.5 DOE-NE R&D partnerships on advanced reactors
371(1)
14.6 R&D conducted by nuclear industry on SMRs
372(2)
14.7 Future trends
374(2)
References
376(3)
15 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of the Republic of Korea
379(30)
S. Choi
15.1 Introduction
379(2)
15.2 Korean integral pressurized-water reactor (iPWR): System- integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor (SMART)
381(5)
15.3 Development of other small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) technologies in the Republic of Korea
386(2)
15.4 Design characteristics of Korean iPWRs: SMART
388(12)
15.5 Design characteristics of Korean sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) and very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR)
400(4)
15.6 Future trends
404(2)
15.7 Sources of further information and advice
406(3)
16 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of Argentina
409(14)
D.F. Delmastro
16.1 Introduction
409(1)
16.2 Small modular reactor (SMR) R&D in Argentina
409(3)
16.3 Integrated pressurized-water reactor (iPWR): CAREM
412(7)
16.4 Deployment of SMRs in Argentina
419(1)
16.5 Future trends
420(1)
16.6 Sources of further information and advice
421(1)
References
421(2)
17 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of Russia
423(32)
V. Kuznetsov
17.1 Introduction
423(3)
17.2 Small modular reactor (SMR) projects being developed by OKBM Afrikantov in Russia
426(9)
17.3 SMR projects being developed by joint stock company (JSC) AKME Engineering in Russia
435(6)
17.4 SMRs being developed by NIKIET in Russia
441(6)
17.5 Deployment of SMRs in Russia
447(1)
17.6 Future trends
448(2)
17.7 Conclusion
450(1)
17.8 Sources of further information and advice
450(2)
References
452(3)
18 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of China
455(14)
D. Song
18.1 Introduction
455(1)
18.2 Small modular reactors (SMRs) in the People's Republic (PR) of China: HTR-200
456(3)
18.3 SMRs in PR of China: ACP100
459(8)
18.4 Deployment of SMRs in PR of China
467(1)
18.5 Future trends
467(1)
Acknowledgements
468(1)
References
468(1)
19 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of Japan
469(16)
T. Okubo
19.1 Introduction
469(1)
19.2 Small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) R&D in Japan
470(2)
19.3 SMR technologies in Japan
472(10)
19.4 Deployment of SMRs in Japan
482(1)
19.5 Future trends
483(1)
19.6 Sources of further information and advice
483(1)
References
483(2)
20 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of developing countries
485(16)
D. Goodman
20.1 Introduction
485(1)
20.2 Measuring development
486(1)
20.3 Trade-offs of small modular reactors (SMRs) in developing countries
487(1)
20.4 Characteristics of developing countries that make deployment of SMRs viable
488(3)
20.5 SMR choices in developing countries
491(3)
20.6 Obstacles and innovations
494(2)
20.7 Conclusion
496(1)
Acknowledgements
497(1)
References
497(4)
Index 501
Dr. Daniel Ingersoll is a retired nuclear expert with over 43 years of experience in radiation transport physics and advanced nuclear reactors. Before retiring, he served for 7 years as Director of Research Collaborations at NuScale Power LLC. Prior to joining NuScale, he was Senior Program Manager for the Small Modular Reactors R&D Office at Oak Ridge National Laboratory where he served as National Technical Director for the US Department of Energys Small Modular Reactor program. During his 35 years at ORNL, he led several ORNL research organizations conducting radiation transport modeling, reactor shielding experiments, and reactor physics analysis in support of advanced reactor development. Dr. Ingersoll received a B.S. degree in Physics from Miami University in 1973 and a Ph.D. degree in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1977. He is a fellow of the American Nuclear Society and author of the recently published book Small Modular Reactors: Nuclear Power Fad or Future? Dr. Carelli retired from Westinghouse in 2012 as Chief Scientist for Research & Technology where he was responsible for identification and implementation of advanced and revolutionary nuclear technologies. Dr. Carelli, who held a series of management posts in advanced science and technologies at Westinghouse, is recognized as a worldwide expert in the design of advanced nuclear reactors. While at Westinghouse, he led an international team of experts spanning 10 countries to develop the International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS) SMR design. He is a graduate of the University of Pisa in Italy with a Ph.D. degree in Nuclear Engineering.