Preface |
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xi | |
1 Lignin-Derived Materials for Supercapacitors |
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1 | (52) |
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1.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Value-Added Products |
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1 | (5) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2 Production of Carbon Materials by Thermochemical Processes |
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6 | (7) |
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1.2.1 Hydrothermal Processing |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.1.1 Hydrothermal Processing Mechanism |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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1.2.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Gasification Mechanism |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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1.2.3.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.2.3.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.3 Nanoporous Carbon Obtained from Biomass for SC Applications |
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13 | (6) |
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13 | (3) |
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1.3.1.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (ED LCs) |
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14 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Carbon Materials for ED LC |
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16 | (3) |
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1.3.2.1 Physical Activation |
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16 | (1) |
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1.3.2.2 Chemical Activation |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.3.2.4 Hybrid Supercapacitors |
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19 | (1) |
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1.4 Computational Simulation of Nanocarbon Structures from Lignin-Derived Materials with Potential Application in Energy Storage Devices |
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19 | (12) |
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1.4.1 Computational Study of Lignin from Different Computational Approaches |
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19 | (7) |
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1.4.2 Computational Studies of Lignin Through Pyrolysis-Simulated Molecular Dynamics |
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26 | (5) |
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1.5 Tailoring Nanocarbon Structures to Enhance the Performance of Electrodes in Supercapacitors |
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31 | (4) |
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1.5.1 MD to Aid the Design of EDLCs |
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34 | (1) |
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1.6 Perspectives for Future Development |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (17) |
2 Some Aspects of Preparations and Applications of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (Supercapacitors) |
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53 | (26) |
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53 | (2) |
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2.2 Supercapacttors and Rechargeable Batteries |
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55 | (1) |
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2.3 Combined Electrodes for Double Electrochemical Layer Capacitors |
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56 | (11) |
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2.3.1 Brief State-of-the-Art Analysis Regarding the Technical Means of Manufacturing Electrodes for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor |
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56 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Electrode Fabrication Method for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors |
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57 | (3) |
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2.3.3 Combined Electrode for Double Electrochemical Layer Capacitors |
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60 | (3) |
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2.3.4 Improved Composite Electrode for Supercapacitors |
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63 | (4) |
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2.4 Prospective Carbon Nanomaterials for Manufacturing Electrodes of Supercapacitors: Nanotubes and Graphene |
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67 | (2) |
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2.5 Using Ultrasound while Getting Supercapacitors |
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69 | (1) |
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2.6 Some Perspective Applications for Supercapacitors |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (7) |
3 Metal Hydroxides for Supercapacitors |
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79 | (34) |
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79 | (2) |
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3.2 Unary Metal Hydroxides |
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81 | (15) |
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3.2.1 Nickel Hydroxide (NH) |
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81 | (5) |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Manganese Hydroxide |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (3) |
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3.3 Binary and Ternary Hydroxides |
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96 | (5) |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (8) |
4 Polyaniline-Based Materials for Supercapacitors |
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113 | (18) |
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113 | (1) |
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4.2 Significant Conducting Mechanism for Polyaniline |
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114 | (2) |
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4.3 Properties of PANI-Based Supercapacitors |
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116 | (2) |
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4.3.1 High-Rate Supercapacitors |
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116 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Electrolytic Capacitors |
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116 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Smart Supercapacitors |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Elastic Supercapacitors |
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117 | (1) |
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4.4 Significance and Role of PANI Supercapacitors |
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118 | (3) |
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4.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (8) |
5 Perovskites for Supercapacitors |
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131 | (56) |
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131 | (1) |
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5.2 Classifications and Structures of Perovskite Materials |
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132 | (9) |
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5.2.1 Stoichiometry Perovskite Structure |
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132 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Halide Double Perovskites |
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134 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites |
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137 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Cation- and Anion-Deficient Perovskite Structures |
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137 | (4) |
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5.3 Supercapacitance Performance of Perovskite Materials |
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141 | (34) |
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5.3.1 Capacitance Performance of Simple ABO3 Perovskites with Different Morphologies |
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142 | (10) |
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5.3.2 Effect of Element Doping in A-site on Supercapacitance Performance of Perovskite Materials |
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152 | (10) |
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5.3.3 Effect of Element Doping in B-site on Supercapacitance Performance of Perovskite Materials |
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162 | (6) |
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5.3.4 Effect of Cation Leaching on Capacitance Stability |
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168 | (7) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (11) |
6 General Synthesis Methods of Inorganic Materials for Supercapacitors |
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187 | (18) |
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187 | (3) |
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6.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Supercapacitors |
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190 | (5) |
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190 | (16) |
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6.2.1.1 Synthesis of Electrode Materials |
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191 | (4) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (10) |
7 Conducting Polymer Carbon-Based Binary Hybrid for Supercapacitors |
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205 | (20) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene) (PEDOT) |
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206 | (1) |
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7.3 CP Application in Supercapacitors |
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206 | (1) |
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7.3.1 Limitations of CP Electrode Supercapacitors |
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207 | (1) |
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7.4 Carbonaceous Materials Used as Fillers for Conducting Polymers |
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207 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Carbon Fibers (CFs) |
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208 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.5 Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Application/Hybrid Supercapacitors |
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209 | (9) |
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7.5.1 CP/CNT Nanocomposites |
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210 | (2) |
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7.5.2 CPs/Graphene Composites |
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212 | (15) |
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7.5.2.1 CPs/Graphene Oxide |
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213 | (1) |
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7.5.2.2 CPs/Chemically Modified Graphene |
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214 | (4) |
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7.6 Conclusions, Future Prospects, and Challenges |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (6) |
8 New Inorganic Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors |
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225 | (20) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (7) |
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8.2.1 Synthesis of ZnCo2O4@NiO/NF |
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227 | (2) |
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8.2.1.1 Preparation of Nickel Foam (NF) Substrate |
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227 | (1) |
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8.2.1.2 Synthesis of 2D ZnCo2O4/NF Nanoflake Structures |
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227 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Fabrication ZnWO4 Nanoparticles |
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229 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Procedure of Fabrication of δ-MnO2/HCS |
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231 | (1) |
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8.2.3.1 Fabrication of δ-MnO2 |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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8.2.3.3 δ-MnO2/HCS Synthesis |
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232 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Procedure CoNi2S4 Ultrathin Nanosheets (Freestanding) Preparation |
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232 | (17) |
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8.2.4.1 Preparation of Ni0.75 Co0.25 (OH)2(CO3)0.125 Exhibiting Free Nanoscaled Sheets |
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232 | (1) |
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8.2.4.2 Fabrication of CoNi2S4 Ultrathin Freestanding Nanosheets |
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233 | (1) |
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8.3 Electrochemical Performance |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (6) |
9 Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors |
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245 | (40) |
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245 | (2) |
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9.2 Electrochemical Measurements |
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247 | (2) |
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9.3 Characterization Methods of Electrode Materials |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (22) |
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9.4.1 Transition Metal Oxides |
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250 | (13) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (3) |
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9.4.2 Mixed Transition Metal Oxides |
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263 | (26) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (4) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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9.5 Conclusion and Future Research |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (13) |
10 High-Surface Saccharum officinarum Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications |
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285 | (14) |
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285 | (1) |
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10.2 Chemical Composition of SCB and SCBA |
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286 | (1) |
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10.3 Advantageous Utilizations of SCB and SCBA |
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287 | (1) |
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10.4 Applications of SCB and SCBA |
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287 | (2) |
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10.5 Organism-Based Materials as Supercapacitors |
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289 | (6) |
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10.5.1 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Materials from Saccharum officinarum for Supercapacitor Applications |
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290 | (9) |
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290 | (1) |
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10.5.1.2 Activated Carbon |
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291 | (1) |
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10.5.1.3 Hydrothermally Treated and Activated Carbon |
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292 | (3) |
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10.6 Conclusion and Future Research |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (3) |
11 Microwave-Assisted Graphene-Based Conducting Polymer Materials for Supercapacitors |
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299 | (28) |
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299 | (5) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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11.3 Microwave Annealing and Its Impacts |
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305 | (15) |
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11.3.1 Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Composite |
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306 | (7) |
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11.3.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Composite |
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307 | (1) |
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11.3.1.2 Microwave Annealing of Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Composite |
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308 | (1) |
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11.3.1.3 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PANI and Feeding Ratio on Structural Properties |
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309 | (1) |
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11.3.1.4 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PANI and Feeding Ratio on Electrochemical Analysis |
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310 | (3) |
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11.3.2 Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Composite |
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313 | (7) |
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11.3.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite |
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316 | (1) |
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11.3.2.2 Microwave Annealing of Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite |
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317 | (1) |
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11.3.2.3 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PPy and Feeding Ratio on Structural Properties |
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317 | (1) |
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11.3.2.4 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PPy and Feeding Ratio on Electrochemical Analysis |
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318 | (2) |
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11.4 Conclusions and Future Work |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (6) |
Index |
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