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E-raamat: Handbook of X-ray Imaging: Physics and Technology

Edited by (University of Napoli Frederico II, Napoli, Italy)
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Containing chapter contributions from over 130 experts, this unique publication is the first handbook dedicated to the physics and technology of X-ray imaging, offering extensive coverage of the field. This highly comprehensive work is edited by one of the worlds leading experts in X-ray imaging physics and technology and has been created with guidance from a Scientific Board containing respected and renowned scientists from around the world.

The book's scope includes 2D and 3D X-ray imaging techniques from soft-X-ray to megavoltage energies, including computed tomography, fluoroscopy, dental imaging and small animal imaging, with several chapters dedicated to breast imaging techniques. 2D and 3D industrial imaging is incorporated, including imaging of artworks. Specific attention is dedicated to techniques of phase contrast X-ray imaging.

The approach undertaken is one that illustrates the theory as well as the techniques and the devices routinely used in the various fields. Computational aspects are fully covered, including 3D reconstruction algorithms, hard/software phantoms, and computer-aided diagnosis. Theories of image quality are fully illustrated. Historical, radioprotection, radiation dosimetry, quality assurance and educational aspects are also covered.

This handbook will be suitable for a very broad audience, including graduate students in medical physics and biomedical engineering; medical physics residents; radiographers; physicists and engineers in the field of imaging and non-destructive industrial testing using X-rays; and scientists interested in understanding and using X-ray imaging techniques.

The handbook's editor, Dr. Paolo Russo, has over 30 years experience in the academic teaching of medical physics and X-ray imaging research. He has authored several book chapters in the field of X-ray imaging, is Editor-in-Chief of an international scientific journal in medical physics, and has responsibilities in the publication committees of international scientific organizations in medical physics.

Features:





Comprehensive coverage of the use of X-rays both in medical radiology and industrial testing The first handbook published to be dedicated to the physics and technology of X-rays Handbook edited by world authority, with contributions from experts in each field

Arvustused

"This is a comprehensive book on the application of x-ray technology in diagnostic radiology, industry, and art that serves as an encyclopaedic reference on the subject. It provides a thorough theoretical and historical background to the use of x-rays in medicine as well as their application to industry and art, complete with an up-to-date description of all the x-ray technologies in current practice. The section on x-ray production covers the basic physical processes involved and a wonderful chapter on the history of x-ray tubes, complete with numerous historical photographs, seldom seen in a modern publication. With over 1300 pages of text, this book is comprehensively devoted to the art of x-ray technology in many fields of research. Each chapter is covered in great depth as exemplified by the numerous references at the end, and, in toto, this book goes well beyond standard textbooks on the subject. Though primarily of interest to diagnostic radiological physicists, this book should be a standard reference book for all medical physics undergraduate, graduate and residency programs. For those whose interests lie outside the field of medicine, the basic physics and technology of x-rays described in this book will serve as a useful complement to their work. " Prof. Peter J. Biggs, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA

"If you are looking for an excellent collection of up to date and in depth reviews on X-ray imaging, this is the publication you must have. The editor Paolo Russo has succeeded in collecting 68 (!) contributions from a total of 130 authors for this tome of the Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering by CRC PressIn between at about half of the pages, a nice and extensive historical image gallery of 56 photos is included with courtesy of the Deutsches Röntgen-MuseumIt is impossible to mention equivalent all the excellent contributions in this publications in this limited book reviewthe articles do not only summarize the findings in their specific area, but state also valuable diagrams and mostly mathematical background formulas, that help to understand the effects and technologies described. This is especially valuable to readers like students, who want to enter a new subject in the field of X-ray physics and technology. Especially the mathematical appendix to the first chapter on "Basic Physics of X-ray Interactions with Matter" starting from the Maxwell equations is a tiny lecture book of its own. Extensive and up to date literature references help to connect to the original publications for each chapter. I strongly recommend this Handbook of X-ray Imaging Physics and Technology in its electronic version to my students as a reference book, as Paolo Russo surely intended it, too, and to you as well." Prof. Markus Buchgeister in the European Medical Physics Newsletter, Summer 2018

"An encyclopaedic, though accurate summary of X-ray science covering theoretical, practical and clinical aspect of X-ray imaging technologies in the medical, industrial and research fields makes this Handbook of X-Ray Imaging not only a precious tool for students but also a reference textbook for any scientist of the field and, in particular, for the medical physicists." Marco Brambilla, President of the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics, head of the Medical Physics Department, University Hospital of Novara

"This is the impressive result of a well coordinated international effort to cover the full breadth of X-ray imaging, from its physical principles, basic technologies and historical perspectives through modern instrumentation for medical as well as non-medical applications up to emerging new developments. This book will certainly mark a new reference in the field and provide a wide range of information for a broad audience, from newcomers to experts in X-ray imaging techniques." Katia Parodi, Professor and Chair of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

"The "Handbook of X-ray Imaging Physics and Technology" edited by Paolo Russo, covers a wide range of topics in medical imaging physics. It has contributions from experts, making it a unique and distinctive volume of literature in the field of X-ray imaging physics and technology.

The book has been divided into four sections: Basic Physical and Technological aspects; X-ray Radiography and Fluoroscopy; X-ray Computed Tomography; and Phase-Contrast X-ray Imaging and other aspects.

The book has an interesting historical image gallery containing rare photographs on the discovery and use of X-rays over the years. This book, with its detailed and painstaking coverage of all the important topics in X-ray imaging physics and technology, is an invaluable asset for both the teacher and the student. It will certainly be a welcome addition to the libraries of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Bioengineering departments around the world."

Paul Ravindran, Professor of Radiation Physics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India

"The Handbook is unique in giving a broad view of x-ray imaging physics. For medical physicists it gives an insight into other fields; going smoothly from the basic science of x-ray physics to in-depth descriptions of different equipment, without forgetting quality and risk management. The Handbook is a must in any radiology and medical department."

Núria Jornet, Senior Consultant Servei de Radiofísica i Radioprotecció, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona "This is a comprehensive book on the application of x-ray technology in diagnostic radiology, industry, and art that serves as an encyclopaedic reference on the subject. It provides a thorough theoretical and historical background to the use of x-rays in medicine as well as their application to industry and art, complete with an up-to-date description of all the x-ray technologies in current practice. The section on x-ray production covers the basic physical processes involved and a wonderful chapter on the history of x-ray tubes, complete with numerous historical photographs, seldom seen in a modern publication. With over 1300 pages of text, this book is comprehensively devoted to the art of x-ray technology in many fields of research. Each chapter is covered in great depth as exemplified by the numerous references at the end, and, in toto, this book goes well beyond standard textbooks on the subject. Though primarily of interest to diagnostic radiological physicists, this book should be a standard reference book for all medical physics undergraduate, graduate and residency programs. For those whose interests lie outside the field of medicine, the basic physics and technology of x-rays described in this book will serve as a useful complement to their work. " Prof. Peter J. Biggs, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA

"If you are looking for an excellent collection of up to date and in depth reviews on X-ray imaging, this is the publication you must have. The editor Paolo Russo has succeeded in collecting 68 (!) contributions from a total of 130 authors for this tome of the Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering by CRC PressIn between at about half of the pages, a nice and extensive historical image gallery of 56 photos is included with courtesy of the Deutsches Röntgen-MuseumIt is impossible to mention equivalent all the excellent contributions in this publications in this limited book reviewthe articles do not only summarize the findings in their specific area, but state also valuable diagrams and mostly mathematical background formulas, that help to understand the effects and technologies described. This is especially valuable to readers like students, who want to enter a new subject in the field of X-ray physics and technology. Especially the mathematical appendix to the first chapter on "Basic Physics of X-ray Interactions with Matter" starting from the Maxwell equations is a tiny lecture book of its own. Extensive and up to date literature references help to connect to the original publications for each chapter. I strongly recommend this Handbook of X-ray Imaging Physics and Technology in its electronic version to my students as a reference book, as Paolo Russo surely intended it, too, and to you as well." Prof. Markus Buchgeister in the European Medical Physics Newsletter, Summer 2018

"An encyclopaedic, though accurate summary of X-ray science covering theoretical, practical and clinical aspect of X-ray imaging technologies in the medical, industrial and research fields makes this Handbook of X-Ray Imaging not only a precious tool for students but also a reference textbook for any scientist of the field and, in particular, for the medical physicists." Marco Brambilla, President of the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics, head of the Medical Physics Department, University Hospital of Novara

"This is the impressive result of a well coordinated international effort to cover the full breadth of X-ray imaging, from its physical principles, basic technologies and historical perspectives through modern instrumentation for medical as well as non-medical applications up to emerging new developments. This book will certainly mark a new reference in the field and provide a wide range of information for a broad audience, from newcomers to experts in X-ray imaging techniques." Katia Parodi, Professor and Chair of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

"The "Handbook of X-ray Imaging Physics and Technology" edited by Paolo Russo, covers a wide range of topics in medical imaging physics. It has contributions from experts, making it a unique and distinctive volume of literature in the field of X-ray imaging physics and technology.

The book has been divided into four sections: Basic Physical and Technological aspects; X-ray Radiography and Fluoroscopy; X-ray Computed Tomography; and Phase-Contrast X-ray Imaging and other aspects.

The book has an interesting historical image gallery containing rare photographs on the discovery and use of X-rays over the years. This book, with its detailed and painstaking coverage of all the important topics in X-ray imaging physics and technology, is an invaluable asset for both the teacher and the student. It will certainly be a welcome addition to the libraries of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Bioengineering departments around the world."

Paul Ravindran, Professor of Radiation Physics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India

"The Handbook is unique in giving a broad view of x-ray imaging physics. For medical physicists it gives an insight into other fields; going smoothly from the basic science of x-ray physics to in-depth descriptions of different equipment, without forgetting quality and risk management. The Handbook is a must in any radiology and medical department."

Núria Jornet, Senior Consultant Servei de Radiofísica i Radioprotecció, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona

"This book is a superb addition to the available resources in this area and should earn a prominent place in the collection of any practicing medical physicists, medical physics residents, or medical physics graduate students. For imaging physicists and residents, it provides both enjoyable diversions into subjects related to medical imaging and a more mathematically-rigorous approach to subjects [ ...] For radiation therapy physicists and residents, the growing importance of a variety of imaging techniques in radiation oncology should make this book required reading for trainees and an indispensable reference in practice."

--David W Jordan, Ph.D.(University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center)

Preamble ix
Foreword xi
Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
Editor xvii
Scientific Board xix
Contributors xxi
Section I Basic Physical and Technological Aspects
1 Basic Physics of X-ray Interactions in Matter
3(50)
Ralf Hendrik Menk
2 X-ray Tube Physics and Technology
53(40)
Rolf Behling
3 X-ray Generators
93(12)
Rolf Behling
4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Field Emission X-ray Technology
105(14)
Lei Zhang
Jianping Lu
Yueh Lee
Sha Chang
Otto Zhou
5 Technology of Miniature X-ray Tubes
119(12)
Fumio Okuyama
6 Technology of Pyroelectric X-ray Tubes
131(8)
Susumu Imashuku
7 History of X-ray Tubes
139(16)
Rolf Behling
8 Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Sources for Radiography and Tomography
155(20)
Giorgio Margaritondo
Fauzia Albertin
9 X-ray Shutters
175(10)
Naresh Gandhi Kujala
10 Calculation of X-ray Spectra
185(18)
Gavin Poludniowski
11 Radiochromic Film Dosimetry for Radiology
203(16)
Nada Tomic
Slobodan Devic
12 Computed Radiography
219(20)
Nobukazu Tanaka
Junji Morishita
13 Photon-Counting Detectors for X-ray Imaging
239(22)
Michela Esposito
14 Image Quality
261(14)
Ian A. Cunningham
Tomi F. Nano
Terenz Escartin
15 Image Quality in Attenuation-Based and Phase-Contrast-Based X-ray Imaging
275(34)
Timur E. Gureyev
Yakov I. Nesterets
16 Inverse Compton Scattering X-ray Sources
309(18)
Luca Labate
Paolo Tomassini
Leonida A. Gizzi
Section II X-ray Radiography and Fluoroscopy
17 Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen: The Discovery of X-rays and the Creation of a New Medical Profession
327(4)
Uwe Busch
18 History of Radiology
331(24)
Adrian M.K. Thomas
19 Digital Mammography
355(22)
Adriano Contillo
Angelo Taibi
20 Digital Breast Tomosynthesis
377(14)
Greeshma Agasthya
Alejandro Rodriguez-Ruiz
Ioannis Sechopoulos
21 Fluoroscopy: Physics and Technology
391(22)
Annalisa Trianni
22 Dental Radiography
413(44)
Ralf Kurt Willy Schulze
23 Clinical Mammographic and Tomosynthesis Units
457(12)
Gisella Gennaro
24 Physical Image Quality Evaluation of X-ray Detectors for Digital Radiography and Mammography
469(38)
Nicholas W. Marshall
Pascal Monnin
25 Mammography, Breast Tomosynthesis, and Risk of Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer
507(10)
James G. Mainprize
26 Clinical Radiographic Units
517(28)
Mark F. McEntee
27 Clinical Fluoroscopy Units
545(18)
Gyorgy Hegyi
28 Physical Basis of X-ray Breast Imaging
563(12)
Chai Hong Yeong
Kwan Hoong Ng
Noriah Jamal
29 Radiation Dose in X-ray Mammography and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis
575(20)
David R. Dance
30 Industrial Radiography
595(24)
Uwe Zscherpel
Uwe Ewert
31 Forensic Radiology
619(18)
Claire Robinson
Bruno Morgan
Guy N. Rutty
Section III X-ray Computed Tomography
32 X-ray Computed Tomography for Diagnostic Imaging-From Single-Slice to Multi-Slice
637(32)
Xiangyang Tang
Huiqiao Xie
33 Analytical Reconstruction Methods in X-ray Computed Tomography
669(24)
Daniele Panetta
34 Iterative Reconstruction Methods in X-ray CT
693(20)
Geert Van Eyndhoven
Jan Sijbers
35 X-ray Cone Beam Computed Tomography
713(36)
Kai Yang
36 Small Animal X-ray Computed Tomography
749(26)
Cristian T. Badea
37 Quality Assurance of X-ray Computer Tomography
775(16)
Douglas Bollinger
Hua Li
38 Radiation Dose in X-ray Computed Tomography
791(14)
Robert L. Dixon
39 Dual-Energy X-ray Computed Tomography
805(12)
Kostas Perisinakis
40 Soft X-ray Tomography: Techniques and Applications
817(36)
Axel A. Ekman
Tia E. Plautz
Jian-Hua Chen
Gerry McDermott
Mark A. Le Gros
Carolyn A. Larabell
41 4D X-ray Computed Tomography
853(14)
Amit Mehndiratta
Soenke H. Bartling
Rajiv Gupta
42 Dental and Maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed Tomography
867(20)
William C. Scarfe
Christos Angelopoulos
Bruno Correa de Azevedo
Shiva Toghyani
Allan G. Farman
43 High-Speed X-ray Computed Tomography
887(10)
William R.B. Lionheart
William M. Thompson
44 Kilovoltage and Megavoltage Imaging in Radiotherapy
897(20)
You Zhang
Jing Wang
45 Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography
917(16)
Bernhard Illerhaus
Andreas Staude
46 Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography Scanners
933(16)
Simon Zabler
Michael Bohnel
Nils Reims
Michael Salamon
Christian Fella
47 Dimensional Metrology for Industrial Computed Tomography
949(10)
Jochen Hiller
Thomas S. Miller
Peter Hornberger
48 Influence of Scatter in X-ray Imaging and Scatter Correction Methods for Industrial Applications
959(12)
Carina Stritt
Mathieu Plamondon
Jurgen Hofmann
Alexander Flisch
Section IV Phase-Contrast X-ray Imaging and Other Aspects
49 Theory of X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging
971(28)
Daniele Pelliccia
Marcus J. Kitchen
Kaye S. Morgan
50 Non-Interferometric Techniques for X-ray Phase-Contrast Biomedical Imaging
999(26)
Paul Claude Diemoz
Alberto Bravin
Paola Coan
Luigi Rigon
51 X-ray Phase-Contrast Mammography
1025(24)
Pekka Suortti
Jani Keyrilainen
William Thomlinson
52 X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomosynthesis Imaging
1049(16)
Ke Li
Guang-Hong Chen
53 Crystal Analyzer-Based X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging
1065(18)
Masami Ando
Tetsuya Yuasa
54 X-ray Scattering: Analytical Applications and Imaging
1083(24)
Antonio Brunetti
Roberto Cesareo
55 Tissue Substitute Materials for Diagnostic X-ray Imaging
1107(28)
Srinivasan Vedantham
56 Phantoms for Image Quality and Dose Assessment
1135(24)
Alessandra Tomal
Paulo Roberto Costa
57 Software Phantoms for X-ray Radiography and Tomography
1159(26)
Kristina Bliznakova
58 Radiography and Computed Tomography for Works of Art
1185(26)
Maria Pia Morigi
Franco Casali
59 Computer-Aided Diagnosis for X-ray Imaging
1211(20)
Lia Morra
Silvia Delsanto
Giulia Grazzini
60 Computer Analysis of Mammograms
1231(18)
Chisako Muramatsu
Hiroshi Fujita
61 Databases for Mammography
1249(10)
Maria Evelina Fantacci
62 Computer Analysis of Computer Tomography Images for Lung Nodule Detection
1259(16)
Maria Evelina Fantacci
Alessandra Retico
63 Display Optimization and Human Factors
1275(8)
Elizabeth A. Krupinski
64 Display for Medical Imaging and DICOM Grayscale Standard Display Function Fundamentals
1283(14)
Wei-Chung Cheng
Aldo Badano
65 Quality Control of Medical Imaging Displays
1297(12)
Alisa Walz-Flannigan
Heather Weber
66 Radiation Protection Issues in X-ray Radiology, Fluoroscopy, and Computed Tomography
1309(20)
Francis R. Verdun
Nick Ryckx
67 Educational Aspects in Radiography, Physics, and Technology
1329(8)
Stelios Christofides
68 Tables of X-rays Mass Attenuation Coefficients of K and L-Energy, of K, L, and M Fluorescence Yield of Kalpha/Kbeta, Lalpha/Lbeta, and Lalpha/Lgamma Ratios
1337(30)
Roberto Cesareo
Index 1367
Paolo Russo was born in Naples, Italy, in 1958. In 1981, he graduated in Physics from the University of Naples Federico II. From 1984, he was a Research Associate at the University before becoming an Associate Professor in 1992 and then a Full Professor of Medical Physics in 2001. His scientific research is focused on the development of medical imaging systems for digital radiography, computed tomography, and nuclear medicine. The applications of such systems includes autoradiography with microstrip and pixel semiconductor detectors; digital mammography with photon counting detectors; small animal SPECT and semiconductor compact gamma cameras; and a prototype scanner for cone-beam breast computed tomography using attenuation based and phase contrast based methods. From 2008 to 2012, Paolo served as the Associate Editor of the journal "Physica Medica" (European Journal of Medical Physics), before being appointed as the Editor-in-Chief of this journal in January 2013. He is also the vice-chair of the Publications Committee of the IOMP and the chair of the Publications and Communications Committee of the EFOMP. In addition, he frequently acts as a reviewer for several journals in Medical Physics and for research projects for the European Research Foundations. Dr. Russo has co-authored over 140 papers in peer reviewed journals and many scientific book chapters.