Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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xix | |
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1 | (36) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Definition of Harmonics |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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1.5 Phase Sequence of Harmonics |
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8 | (1) |
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1.6 Frequency Domain and Harmonic Domain |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Apparent and Reactive Power |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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1.8.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.8.2 Total Demand Distortion (TDD) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.9 Detrimental Effects of Harmonics |
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13 | (6) |
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13 | (4) |
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1.9.2 Misoperations of Meters and Relays |
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17 | (1) |
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1.9.3 Harmonics Impact on Motors |
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18 | (1) |
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1.9.4 Harmonics Impact on Transformers |
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18 | (1) |
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1.10 Characteristic Harmonic and Non-Characteristic Harmonic |
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19 | (2) |
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1.11 Harmonic Current Injection Method |
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21 | (1) |
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1.12 Steady-State vs. Transient Response |
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21 | (1) |
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1.13 Steady-State Modeling |
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22 | (2) |
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1.14 Large-Signal Modeling vs. Small-Signal Modeling |
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24 | (1) |
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1.15 Discussion of IEEE Standard (STD) 519 |
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25 | (5) |
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30 | (7) |
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2 Power Electronics Basics |
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37 | (12) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.2 Semiconductors vs. Wide Bandgap Semiconductors |
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38 | (2) |
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2.3 Types of Static Switches |
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40 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Uncontrolled Static Switch |
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40 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Semi-Controllable Switches |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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2.4 Combination of Switches |
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44 | (1) |
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2.5 Classification Based on Commutation Process |
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45 | (1) |
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2.6 Voltage Source Converter vs. Current Source Converter |
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46 | (3) |
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3 Basic Numerical Iterative Methods |
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49 | (24) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2 The Gauss--Seidel Method |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (16) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Numerical Integration |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (4) |
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3.4.4 Harmonic Power Flow |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (4) |
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3.4.6 Advantages of Newton's Method |
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67 | (2) |
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3.4.7 Quasi-Newton Method |
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69 | (2) |
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3.4.8 Limitation of Newton's Method |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (22) |
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4.1 Definition of Matrix Exponential |
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74 | (1) |
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4.2 Evaluation of Matrix Exponential |
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75 | (5) |
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4.2.1 Inverse Laplace Transform |
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75 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Cayley--Hamilton Method |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (2) |
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4.2.4 Scaling and Squaring |
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80 | (1) |
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4.3 Krylov Subspace Method |
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80 | (3) |
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4.4 Krylov Space Method with Restarting |
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83 | (3) |
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4.5 Application of Augmented Matrix on DC-DC Converters |
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86 | (4) |
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90 | (5) |
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5 Modeling of Voltage Source Converters |
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95 | (54) |
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5.1 Single-Phase Two-Level VSCs |
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95 | (4) |
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5.1.1 Switching Functions |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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5.2 Three-Phase Two-Level VSCs |
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99 | (13) |
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5.3 Three-Phase Multilevel Voltage Source Converter |
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112 | (37) |
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112 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Diode Clamped Multilevel VSCs |
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114 | (6) |
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5.3.3 Flying Capacitor Multilevel VSCs |
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120 | (8) |
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5.3.4 Cascaded Multi-Level VSCs |
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128 | (12) |
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5.3.5 Modular Multi-Level VSC |
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140 | (9) |
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6 Frequency Coupling Matrices |
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149 | (30) |
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6.1 Construction of FCM in the Harmonic Domain |
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149 | (6) |
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6.2 Construction of FCM in the Time Domain |
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155 | (24) |
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7 General Control Approaches of a VSC |
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179 | (14) |
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179 | (4) |
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7.1.1 Stationary-abc Frame |
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179 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Stationary-αβ Frame |
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180 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Synchronous-dq Frame |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (10) |
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7.2.1 Vector-Current Controller |
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183 | (3) |
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7.2.2 Direct Power Controller |
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186 | (2) |
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7.2.3 DC-bus Voltage Controller |
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188 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Circulating Current Controller |
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189 | (4) |
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8 Generalized Steady-State Solution Procedure for Closed-Loop Converter Systems |
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193 | (12) |
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193 | (1) |
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8.2 Generalized Procedure |
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193 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Step 1: Determine How and Where to Break the Loop |
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195 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Step 2: Check if the Calculation Flows of the Broken System are Feasible |
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195 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Step 3: Determine What Domain of Each Component in the System Should be Modeled |
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196 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Step 4: Formulate the Mismatch Equations |
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197 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Step 5: Iterate to Find the Solution |
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197 | (1) |
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8.3 Previously Proposed Methods Derived from the Proposed Solution Procedures |
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197 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Steady-State Methods Derived from Loop-Breaking 1 Method |
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197 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Steady-State Methods Derived from Loop-Breaking 2 Method |
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198 | (2) |
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8.4 The Loop-Breaking 3 Method |
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200 | (5) |
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205 | (40) |
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9.1 A Typical Two-Level VSC with AC Current Control and DC Voltage Control |
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205 | (1) |
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9.2 Loop-Breaking 1 Method for a Two-Level VSC |
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206 | (4) |
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208 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Current Controller Block |
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208 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Voltage Controller Block |
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210 | (1) |
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9.3 Solution Flow Diagram |
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210 | (35) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (16) |
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9.3.3 Number of Modulating Voltage Harmonics to be Included |
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228 | (17) |
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10 Loop-Breaking 2 Method for Solving a VSC |
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245 | (48) |
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10.1 Modeling for a Closed-Loop DC-DC Converter |
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245 | (7) |
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10.1.1 Model of the Buck Converter |
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245 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Constraints of Steady-State |
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247 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Switching Time Constraints |
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248 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Solution Flow Diagram |
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248 | (4) |
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10.2 Two-Level VSC Modeling: Open-Loop Equations |
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252 | (18) |
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10.2.1 Steady-State Constraints |
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256 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Switching Time Constraints |
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257 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Solution Flow Diagram |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (9) |
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10.2.6 Discussions of Results |
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269 | (1) |
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10.3 Comparison Between the LB 1 and LB 2 Methods |
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270 | (2) |
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10.3.1 Case #1: Balanced System |
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270 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Case #2: Unbalanced System with AC Waveform Exhibiting Half-Wave Symmetry |
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270 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Case #3: Unbalanced System, No Waveform Symmetry |
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272 | (1) |
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10.4 Large-Signal Modeling for Line-Commutated Power Converter |
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272 | (21) |
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10.4.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode |
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273 | (9) |
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10.4.2 Continuous Conduction Mode |
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282 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Steady-State Constraint Equations |
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284 | (7) |
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291 | (2) |
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11 Loop-Breaking 3 Method |
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293 | (22) |
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293 | (1) |
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11.2 Interfacing OpenDSS with MATLAB |
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294 | (5) |
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11.3 Interfacing OpenDSS with Harmonic Models of VSCs |
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299 | (16) |
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12 Small-Signal Harmonic Model of a VSC |
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315 | (20) |
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315 | (1) |
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12.2 Gauss-Seidel LB 3 and Newton LB 3 |
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316 | (4) |
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12.2.1 Current Injection Method |
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316 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Norton Circuit Method |
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317 | (3) |
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12.3 Small-Signal Analysis of DC-DC Converter |
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320 | (5) |
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12.4 Small-Signal Analysis of a Two-Level VSC |
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325 | (10) |
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12.4.1 Approach from Section 12.3 |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (9) |
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13 Parameter Estimation for a Single VSC |
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335 | (14) |
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13.1 Background on Parameter Estimation |
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335 | (2) |
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13.2 Parameter Estimator Based on White-Box-and-Black-Box Models |
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337 | (2) |
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13.3 Estimation Validations |
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339 | (10) |
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13.3.1 Experimental Validation |
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340 | (3) |
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13.3.2 PSCAD/EMTDC Validation |
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343 | (6) |
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14 Parameter Estimation for Multiple VSCs with Domain Adaptation |
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349 | (30) |
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14.1 Introduction of Deep Learning |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (1) |
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14.3 Parameter Estimation for Multiple VSCs |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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14.5 Supervised Domain Adaptation for Regression |
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355 | (1) |
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14.6 Supervised Domain Adaptation for Classification |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (3) |
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359 | (1) |
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14.7.2 Data Preprocessing |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (2) |
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14.8.1 R square (Regression) |
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361 | (1) |
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14.8.2 Mean Absolute Percentage Error, MAPE (Regression) |
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361 | (1) |
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14.8.3 Accuracy (Classification) |
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362 | (1) |
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14.8.4 F1 score (Classification) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (7) |
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14.9.1 Classification Task on Multiple VSC |
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363 | (1) |
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14.9.2 Regression Task on Multiple VSC |
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363 | (7) |
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14.10 Software for Running the Codes |
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370 | (1) |
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14.11 Implementation of Domain Adaptation |
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370 | (9) |
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370 | (2) |
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372 | (3) |
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14.11.3 Classification network |
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375 | (4) |
References |
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379 | (10) |
Index |
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